df 查看磁盘分区使用情况
root@liujie-desktop:/# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda1 19G 4.6G 14G 26% /
none 497M 316K 497M 1% /dev
none 501M 24K 501M 1% /dev/shm
none 501M 96K 501M 1% /var/run
none 501M 0 501M 0% /var/lock
none 501M 0 501M 0% /lib/init/rw
/dev/sdb1 3.4G 963M 2.5G 28% /media/disk
/dev/sdb1 3.4G 963M 2.5G 28% /mnt/usb
-b 以字节为单位
-k 以KB为单位
-m 以mb为单位
-h 以1024进制显示
-s 统计指定目标
root@liujie-desktop:/# du -sh etc
15M etc关于分区，
1. 主分区和扩展分区总数不超过4个；
2. 扩展分区最多只能有一个；
3. 扩展分区不能直接存取数据，必须将其划分为逻辑分区。
关于Linux系统磁盘
新硬盘添加到服务器中后需要创建分区；格式化分区；挂载分区之后才可以使用，这些步骤缺一不可。新添加的磁盘分区可以挂载到系统的任意位置。
给虚拟机vm添加一块硬盘
eidt virtual mathine setting->add...->hard disk ->net ->next->ok
fdisk -l 列出当前分区列表（fdisk 只能给MBR分区）
root@liujie-desktop:~# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0000303e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 2497 20051968 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2497 2611 916481 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 2497 2611 916480 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition tablefdisk /dev/sdb 进入分区模式
接着输入n
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
之后按照提示填写起始位和终止位
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)创建分区
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-522, default 1): # 输入的是块编号
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-522, default 522): 256
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x02a6305f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 256 2056288+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (257-522, default 257):
Using default value 257
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (257-522, default 522):
Using default value 522
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x02a6305f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 256 2056288+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 257 522 2136645 5 Extended
Command (m for help):
将分区方案写入到分区表w
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
root@liujie-desktop:~# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0000303e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 2497 20051968 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2497 2611 916481 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 2497 2611 916480 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x02a6305f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 256 2056288+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 257 522 2136645 5 Extended分区模式GPT
分区模式MBR ：主分区不超过4个，单个容量不超过2TB
分区模式GPT：主分区个数几乎（128）没有限制，容量几乎没有限制（18EB），不支持X86架构
GPT现在利用 parted 命令（该指令既可以给MBR分又可以给GPT分）。
root@liujie-desktop:~# parted
GNU Parted 2.2
使用 /dev/sda
欢迎使用 GNU Parted! 输入 'help'可获得命令列表.
(parted) select /dev/sdc
使用 /dev/sdc
(parted) mklabel gpt #msdos 就是为MBR分区
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
磁盘 /dev/sdc: 6442MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
分区表：gpt
数字 开始： End 大小 文件系统 Name 标志
(parted) print all
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
磁盘 /dev/sda: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
分区表：msdos
数字 开始： End 大小 类型 文件系统 标志
1 1049kB 20.5GB 20.5GB primary ext4 启动
2 20.5GB 21.5GB 938MB extended
5 20.5GB 21.5GB 938MB logical linux-swap(v1)
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
磁盘 /dev/sdb: 4295MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
分区表：msdos
数字 开始： End 大小 类型 文件系统 标志
1 32.3kB 2106MB 2106MB primary
2 2106MB 4294MB 2188MB extended
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
磁盘 /dev/sdc: 6442MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
分区表：gpt
数字 开始： End 大小 文件系统 Name 标志
(parted) 分两种方式：交互模式和命令模式
交互模式：
(parted) mkpart
分区名称？ []? iliu
文件系统类型？ [ext2]?
起始点？ 0
结束点？ 2000
警告: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
忽略/Ignore/放弃/Cancel? c
(parted) mkpart
分区名称？ []? iliu
文件系统类型？ [ext2]?
起始点？ 1
结束点？ 2000
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
磁盘 /dev/sdc: 6442MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
分区表：gpt
数字 开始： End 大小 文件系统 Name 标志
1 1049kB 2000MB 1999MB iliu
(parted) mkpart ijie 2000 3000
(parted) mkpart ijie 2000 3000
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
磁盘 /dev/sdc: 6442MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
分区表：gpt
数字 开始： End 大小 文件系统 Name 标志
1 1049kB 2000MB 1999MB iliu
2 2000MB 3000MB 1000MB ijie
(parted) mkpart iqian 2500 4000
警告: You requested a partition from 2500MB to 4000MB.
The closest location we can manage is 3000MB to 4000MB.
Is this still acceptable to you?
是/Yes/否/No? yes
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
磁盘 /dev/sdc: 6442MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
分区表：gpt
数字 开始： End 大小 文件系统 Name 标志
1 1049kB 2000MB 1999MB iliu
2 2000MB 3000MB 1000MB ijie
3 3000MB 4000MB 1000MB iqian
rm +数字
(parted) quit
信息: You may need to update /etc/fstab.分区格式化
利用mkfs 命令
查看有哪些
root@liujie-desktop:~# ls -l /dev/sdb*
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 2017-09-02 16:31 /dev/sdb
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 17 2017-09-02 16:28 /dev/sdb1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 18 2017-09-02 16:28 /dev/sdb2
root@liujie-desktop:~# ls -l /dev/sdc*
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 32 2017-09-02 16:45 /dev/sdc
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 33 2017-09-02 16:45 /dev/sdc1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 34 2017-09-02 16:45 /dev/sdc2
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 35 2017-09-02 16:45 /dev/sdc3
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 36 2017-09-02 16:45 /dev/sdc4
root@liujie-desktop:~# ls -l /dev/sda*
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 2017-09-02 16:31 /dev/sda
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 1 2017-09-02 16:28 /dev/sda1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 2 2017-09-02 16:28 /dev/sda2
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 5 2017-09-02 16:28 /dev/sda5
mkfs.ext3 + 设备名
root@liujie-desktop:~# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.11 (14-Mar-2010)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
128768 inodes, 514072 blocks
25703 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=528482304
16 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
mkfs -t ext4 + 设备名
挂载
然后对新添加的设备进行mount挂载到摸个已存在的目录。（如果需要永久挂载，需要编辑/etc/fstab.）
如何添加Swap分区
1. 建立一个普通Linux分区；
2. 修改分区类型的16进制编码；
3. 格式化交换分区；
4. 启用swap分区。
先进入fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x02a6305f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 256 2056288+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 257 522 2136645 5 Extended
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-5): 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 1 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x02a6305f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 256 2056288+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sdb2 257 522 2136645 5 Extended
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
mkswap /dev/sdb1
启用
swapon /dev/sdb1
停止
swapoff /dev/sdb1
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