C++11中引入的auto主要有两种用途:自动类型推断和返回值占位。auto在C++98中的标识临时变量的语义,由于使用极少且多余,在C++11中已被删除。前后两个标准的auto,完全是两个概念。
1. 自动类型推断
auto自动类型推断,用于从初始化表达式中推断出变量的数据类型。通过auto的自动类型推断,可以大大简化我们的编程工作。下面是一些使用auto的例子。- #include <vector>
- #include <map>
- using namespace std;
- int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
- {
- // auto a; // 错误,没有初始化表达式,无法推断出a的类型
- // auto int a = 10; // 错误,auto临时变量的语义在C++11中已不存在, 这是旧标准的用法。
- // 1. 自动帮助推导类型
- auto a = 10;
- auto c = 'A';
- auto s("hello");
- // 2. 类型冗长
- map<int, map<int,int> > map_;
- map<int, map<int,int>>::const_iterator itr1 = map_.begin();
- const auto itr2 = map_.begin();
- auto ptr = []()
- {
- std::cout << "hello world" << std::endl;
- };
- return 0;
- };
- // 3. 使用模板技术时,如果某个变量的类型依赖于模板参数,
- // 不使用auto将很难确定变量的类型(使用auto后,将由编译器自动进行确定)。
- template <class T, class U>
- void Multiply(T t, U u)
- {
- auto v = t * u;
- }
2. 返回值占位
- template <typename T1, typename T2>
- auto compose(T1 t1, T2 t2) -> decltype(t1 + t2)
- {
- return t1+t2;
- }
- auto v = compose(2, 3.14); // v's type is double
3.使用注意事项
①我们可以使用valatile,pointer(*),reference(&),rvalue reference(&&) 来修饰auto- auto k = 5;
- auto* pK = new auto(k);
- auto** ppK = new auto(&k);
- const auto n = 6;
- auto m; // m should be intialized
- auto int p; // 这是旧auto的做法。
- void MyFunction(auto parameter){} // no auto as method argument
- template<auto T> // utter nonsense - not allowed
- void Fun(T t){}
- int* p = new auto(0); //fine
- int* pp = new auto(); // should be initialized
- auto x = new auto(); // Hmmm ... no intializer
- auto* y = new auto(9); // Fine. Here y is a int*
- auto z = new auto(9); //Fine. Here z is a int* (It is not just an int)
- int value = 123;
- auto x2 = (auto)value; // no casting using auto
- auto x3 = static_cast<auto>(value); // same as above
- auto x1 = 5, x2 = 5.0, x3='r'; // This is too much....we cannot combine like this
- const int i = 99;
- auto j = i; // j is int, rather than const int
- j = 100 // Fine. As j is not constant
- // Now let us try to have reference
- auto& k = i; // Now k is const int&
- k = 100; // Error. k is constant
- // Similarly with volatile qualifer
- int a[9];
- auto j = a;
- cout<<typeid(j).name()<<endl; // This will print int*
- auto& k = a;
- cout<<typeid(k).name()<<endl; // This will print int [9]
FROM: http://blog.csdn.net/huang_xw/article/details/8760403