爬虫入门第5课：实现代理池工具模块

爬虫学习知识点及案例篇（汇总）：

爬虫入门第1课：代理池概述及开发环境

爬虫入门第2课：代理池的设计

爬虫入门第3课：实现代理池思路

爬虫入门第4课：定义代理IP的数据模型类

本阶段带大家从代理池的设计开始，学习Python爬虫及项目实战，详情关注上方专栏 ↑↑↑

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• 步骤
  • 实现日志模块
  • http模块

1. 日志模块

1.1 为什么要实现日志模块

• 能够方便的对程序进行调试
• 能够方便记录程序的运行状态
• 能够方便记录错误信息

1.2. 日志的实现

• 目标: 实现日志模块, 用于记录日志
• 前提: 日志模块在网上有很多现成的实现, 我们开发的时候, 通常不会再自己写; 而是使用拿来主义. 拿来用就完了.
• 步骤:
  • 拷贝笔记日志代码到项目中
  • 把日志相关配置信息 放到配置文件中
  • 修改日志代码, 使用配置文件中的配置信息

1.3 代码

• 拷贝笔记日志代码到项目中

# utils/log.py
import sys
import logging

# 默认的配置
LOG_LEVEL = logging.INFO    # 默认等级
LOG_FMT = '%(asctime)s %(filename)s [line:%(lineno)d] %(levelname)s: %(message)s'   # 默认日志格式
LOG_DATEFMT = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'  # 默认时间格式
LOG_FILENAME = 'log.log'    # 默认日志文件名称

class Logger(object):

    def __init__(self):
        # 1. 获取一个logger对象
        self._logger = logging.getLogger()
        # 2. 设置format对象
        self.formatter = logging.Formatter(fmt=LOG_FMT,datefmt=LOG_DATEFMT)
        # 3. 设置日志输出
        # 3.1 设置文件日志模式
        self._logger.addHandler(self._get_file_handler(LOG_FILENAME))
        # 3.2 设置终端日志模式
        self._logger.addHandler(self._get_console_handler())
        # 4. 设置日志等级
        self._logger.setLevel(LOG_LEVEL)

    def _get_file_handler(self, filename):
        '''返回一个文件日志handler'''
        # 1. 获取一个文件日志handler
        filehandler = logging.FileHandler(filename=filename,encoding="utf-8")
        # 2. 设置日志格式
        filehandler.setFormatter(self.formatter)
        # 3. 返回
        return filehandler

    def _get_console_handler(self):
        '''返回一个输出到终端日志handler'''
        # 1. 获取一个输出到终端日志handler
        console_handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
        # 2. 设置日志格式
        console_handler.setFormatter(self.formatter)
        # 3. 返回handler
        return console_handler

    @property
    def logger(self):
        return self._logger

# 初始化并配一个logger对象，达到单例的
# 使用时，直接导入logger就可以使用
logger = Logger().logger

if __name__ == '__main__':
    logger.debug("调试信息")
    logger.info("状态信息")
    logger.warning("警告信息")
    logger.error("错误信息")
    logger.critical("严重错误信息")

• 把日志相关配置信息 放到配置文件中

    # settings.py
    import logging
    # 默认的配置
    LOG_LEVEL = logging.INFO    # 默认等级
    LOG_FMT = '%(asctime)s %(filename)s [line:%(lineno)d] %(levelname)s: %(message)s'   # 默认日志格式
    LOG_DATEFMT = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'  # 默认时间格式
    LOG_FILENAME = 'log.log'    # 默认日志文件名称

• 修改日志代码, 使用配置文件中的配置信息

    # utils/log.py
    import sys
    import logging
    # 导入配置文件
    import settings

    class Logger(object):

        def __init__(self):
            # 1. 获取一个logger对象
            self._logger = logging.getLogger()
            # 2. 设置format对象
            self.formatter = logging.Formatter(fmt=settings.LOG_FMT,datefmt=settings.LOG_DATEFMT)
            # 3. 设置日志输出
            # 3.1 设置文件日志模式
            self._logger.addHandler(self._get_file_handler(settings.LOG_FILENAME))
            # 3.2 设置终端日志模式
            self._logger.addHandler(self._get_console_handler())
            # 4. 设置日志等级
            self._logger.setLevel(settings.LOG_LEVEL)

        ...

2. http模块

我在从代理IP网站上抓取代理IP 和 检验代理IP时候, 为了不容易不服务器识别为是一个爬虫, 我们最好提供随机的User-Agent请求头.

• 目标: 获取随机User-Agent的请求头
• 步骤:
  1. 准备User-Agent的列表
  2. 实现一个方法, 获取随机User-Agent的请求头
• 代码:

    import random
    """
    用于返回一个随机的请求头
    """
    USER_AGENTS = [
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; AcooBrowser; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; Acoo Browser; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0; .NET CLR 3.0.04506)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; AOL 9.5; AOLBuild 4337.35; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko Fedora/1.9.0.8-1.fc10 Kazehakase/0.5.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/535.20 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1036.7 Safari/535.20",
        "Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 LBBROWSER",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; QQBrowser/7.0.3698.400)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; 360SE)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_2_1 like Mac OS X; zh-cn) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8C148 Safari/6533.18.5",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:2.0b13pre) Gecko/20110307 Firefox/4.0b13pre",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:16.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/16.0",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; zh-CN; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100922 Ubuntu/10.10 (maverick) Firefox/3.6.10"
    ]

    def get_request_header():
        return {
            'User-Agent': random.choice(USER_AGENTS),
            'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
            'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.5',
            'Connection': 'keep-alive',
            'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
        }

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        print(get_request_header())
        print(get_request_header())