谬种流传--瀑布模型

一些历史事实:

20世纪80年代
美国国防部(US Department of Defense,DoD)就针对软件开发颁布了标准DOD-STD-2167.
这是基于瀑布型与文档驱动的方法.有调查报告表明总成本370亿美元的项目样本中,75%的项目失败或者无法使用,
只有2%的项目能够不做进行一步修正就可使用.

1988年2月
改良的DOD-STD-2167A 发布, 该版本改进了2167标准,更加亲迭代开发(Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)).
由于军方后勤部门不同意,无法将瀑布型流程剔除.但该标准仍被许多人解释为优先采用瀑布型.

1994年12月
2167A被MIL-STD-498取代,该标准描述了递增式的构建,倡导渐进的需求和设计.

2000年
美国国防部颁发了新的软件项目"指导意见" DoD 5000.2,再次推荐渐进交付和IID的应用.

遗憾的是,STD-2167影响了其他国家的标准定义.这些国家还没有了解到DoD后来摒弃了2167标准和瀑布型.

为什么还有人在推行瀑布型?
"对于任何的复杂问题,都有一个简单干净但是错误的解决之道" H.L.Mencken


以上资料源自 Agile&Iterative Development A Manager's Guide-- Craig Larman

IEEE Standard for System and Software Verification and Validation IEEE Std 1012-2012 Front Cover -14 Title Page -12 Notice to users -9 Laws and regulations -9 Copyrights -9 Updating of IEEE documents -9 Errata -9 Patents -8 Participants -7 Introduction -5 Contents -3 Important notice 1 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose 2 1.3 Field of application 3 1.4 V&V objectives 4 1.5 Organization of the standard 4 1.6 Audience 6 1.7 Conformance 7 1.8 Disclaimer 7 2. Normative references 7 3. Definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms 7 3.1 Definitions 7 3.2 Abbreviations and acronyms 11 4. Relationships between V&V and life cycle processes 12 5. Integrity levels 15 6. V&V processes overview 17 6.1 General 17 6.2 V&V testing 18 7. Common V&V activities 19 7.1 Activity: V&V Management 19 7.2 Activity: Acquisition Support V&V 20 7.3 Activity: Supply Planning V&V 21 7.4 Activity: Project Planning V&V 21 7.5 Activity: Configuration Management V&V 21 8. System V&V activities 33 8.1 Activity: Stakeholder Requirements Definition V&V 33 The purpose of the Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process is to define the requirements for a system that can provide the services needed by users and other stakeholders in a defined environment. It identifies stakeholders, or stakeholder classes... 33 The V&V effort shall perform, as specified in Table 2b for the selected integrity level, the following Stakeholder Requirements Definition V&V tasks described in Table 1b: 33 8.2 Activity: Requirements Analysis V&V 33 8.3 Activity: Architectural Design V&V 34 8.4 Activity: Implementation V&V 35 8.5 Activity: Integration V&V 35 8.6 Activity: Transition V&V 36 8.7 Activity: Operation V&V 36 8.8 Activity: Maintenance V&V 37 8.9 Activity: Disposal V&V 38 9. Software V&V activities 68 9.1 Activity: Software Concept V&V 68 9.2 Activity: Software Requirements V&V 68 9.3 Activity: Software Design V&V 69 9.4 Activity: Software Construction V&V 69 9.5 Activity: Software Integration Test V&V 70 9.6 Activity: Software Qualification Test V&V 70 9.7 Activity: Software Acceptance Test V&V 71 9.8 Activity: Software Installation and Checkout V&V 71 9.9 Activity: Software Operation V&V 72 9.10 Activity: Software Maintenance V&V 72 9.11 Activity: Software Disposal V&V 73 10. Hardware V&V activities 110 10.1 Activity: Hardware Concept V&V 110 10.2 Activity: Hardware Requirements V&V 110 10.3 Activity: Hardware Design V&V 111 10.4 Activity: Hardware Fabrication V&V 111 10.5 Activity: Hardware Integration Test V&V 112 10.6 Activity: Hardware Qualification Test V&V 112 10.7 Activity: Hardware Acceptance Test V&V 113 10.8 Activity: Hardware Transition V&V 113 10.9 Activity: Hardware Operation V&V 114 10.10 Activity: Hardware Maintenance V&V 114 10.11 Activity: Hardware Disposal V&V 115 11. V&V reporting, administrative, and documentation requirements 147 11.1 V&V reporting requirements 147 11.2 V&V administrative requirements 150 11.3 V&V documentation requirements 150 12. V&V plan outline 151 12.1 Overview 151 12.2 VVP Section 1: Purpose 152 12.3 VVP Section 2: Referenced documents 152 12.4 VVP Section 3: Definitions 152 12.5 VVP Section 4: V&V overview 152 12.5.1 VVP Section 4.1: Organization 152 12.5.2 VVP Section 4.2: Master schedule 153 12.5.3 VVP Section 4.3: Integrity level scheme 153 12.5.4 VVP Section 4.4: Resources summary 153 12.5.5 VVP Section 4.5: Responsibilities 153 12.5.6 VVP Section 4.6: Tools, techniques, and methods 153 12.6 VVP Section 5: V&V processes 154 12.6.1 VVP Section 5.1: Common V&V Processes, Activities, and Tasks 154 12.6.2 VVP Section 5.2: System V&V Processes, Activities, and Tasks 154 12.6.3 VVP Section 5.3: Software V&V Processes, Activities, and Tasks 154 12.6.4 VVP Section 5.4: Hardware V&V Processes, Activities, and Tasks 154 12.7 VVP Section 6: V&V reporting requirements 154 12.8 VVP Section 7: V&V administrative requirements 154 12.8.1 General 154 12.8.2 VVP Section 7.1: Anomaly resolution and reporting 154 12.8.3 VVP Section 7.2: Task iteration policy 154 12.8.4 VVP Section 7.3: Deviation policy 155 12.8.5 VVP Section 7.4: Control procedures 155 12.8.6 VVP Section 7.5: Standards, practices, and conventions 155 12.9 VVP Section 8: V&V test documentation requirements 155 Annex A (informative) Mapping of IEEE 1012 V&V activities and tasks 156 A.1 Mapping of ISO/IEC 15288 V&V requirements to IEEE 1012 V&V activities and tasks 156 A.2 Mapping of IEEE 1012 V&V activities to ISO/IEC 15288 system life cycle processes and activities 158 A.3 Mapping of ISO/IEC 12207 V&V requirements to IEEE 1012 V&V activities and tasks 159 A.4 Mapping of IEEE 1012 V&V activities to IEEE 12207 software life cycle processes and activities 161 Annex B (informative) A risk-based, integrity-level scheme 163 Annex C (informative) Definition of independent V&V (IV&V) 165 C.1 Technical independence 165 C.2 Managerial independence 165 C.3 Financial independence 165 C.4 Forms of independence 165 C.4.1 Classical IV&V 166 C.4.2 Modified IV&V 166 C.4.3 Integrated IV&V 166 C.4.4 Internal IV&V 166 C.4.5 Embedded V&V 167 Annex D (informative) V&V of reuse software 168 D.1 Purpose 168 D.2 V&V of software developed in a reuse process 169 D.2.1 V&V of assets in development 169 D.2.2 V&V of reused assets 169 D.3 V&V of software developed and reused outside of a reuse process 169 Annex E (informative) V&V measures 175 E.1 Introduction 175 E.2 Measures for evaluating anomaly density 175 E.3 Measures for evaluating V&V effectiveness 176 E.4 Measures for evaluating V&V efficiency 176 Annex F (informative) Example of V&V relationships to other project responsibilities 178 Annex G (informative) Optional V&V tasks 179 Annex H (informative) Environmental factors considerations 185 H.1 Introduction 185 H.2 In the agreement processes 185 H.3 In the organizational project-enabling processes 185 H.4 In the project processes 186 H.5 In the technical processes 186 Annex I (informative) V&V of system, software, and hardware integration 188 I.1 Introduction 188 I.2 Examples of system failures caused by integration issues 188 I.2.1 Year 2000 System Integration Issue 189 I.2.2 System architecture integration issues 189 I.3 System, software, and hardware interaction issues 190 Annex J (informative) Hazard, security, and risk analyses 193 J.1 Hazard analysis 193 Annex K (informative) Example of assigning and changing the system integrity level of “supporting system functions” 198 Annex L (informative) Mapping of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 and IEEE 12207 process outcomes to V&V tasks 200 Annex M (informative) Bibliography 209
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