根据IEEE 754标准,规定浮点数有float和double两种编码方式,基本格式为:
> 符号数 | 阶码数 | 尾数
float 单精度,长度4个字节,最高位符号位,接下来8位为指数,低23位为位数。
double 双精度,长度8个字节,最高位符号位,接下来11位为指数,低52位为位数。
由于大多数小数无法用精确的二进制表示,所以会出现精度丢失的情况。如,
System.out.println(0.05 + 0.01);
result: 0.060000000000000005
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.42);
result:0.5800000000000001
System.out.println(4.015 * 100);
result:401.49999999999994
System.out.println(123.3 / 100);
result:1.2329999999999999
[解决方案]
一、使用BigDecimal类
BigDecimal是Java提供的一个不变的,任意精度的,有符号十进制数对象。
1、获取BigDecimal对象
为了实现精确计算,有以下几种方法获得BigDecimal对象:
//使用参数为String类型的构造方法
BigDecimal bigDecimal1 = new BigDecimal ("0.01");
//将double转换为String后,利用构造方法获得
BigDecimal bigDecimal2 = new BigDecimal (Double.toString(0.05));
//使用静态方法,内部实现还是先将double转换为了String
BigDecimal bigDecimal3 = BigDecimal.valueOf(0.01);
注:直接将double类型作为参数利用构造方法获得的BigDecimal对象也是不精确的。
2、方法介绍
[ 获取小数点后位数 ]
int scale()
Returns the scale of this BigDecimal.
注:涉及到无限小数的点后位数时,一定要使用有RoundingMode(舍入模式)的方法,否则在精确小数时无法使用精确模式导致报错。
[ 设置小数点后位数,精确小数 ]
> BigDecimal setScale(int newScale)
BigDecimal setScale(int newScale, int roundingMode)
或者BigDecimal setScale(int newScale, RoundingMode roundingMode)
Returns a BigDecimal whose scale is the specified value, and whose value is numerically equal to this BigDecimal's. Throws an ArithmeticException if this is not possible.
第一个方法设置的小数点后位数小于当前的小数点后位数的话,程序将会报错,应该采用指定舍入模式的方法
[ 精确的加法 ]
BigDecimal add(BigDecimal augend)
Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this + augend), and whose scale is max(this.scale(), augend.scale()).
[ 精确的减法 ]
BigDecimal subtract(BigDecimal subtrahend)
Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this - augend), and whose scale is max(this.scale(), augend.scale()).
[ 精确的乘法 ]
BigDecimal mutiply(BigDecimal mutiplicand)
Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this * mutiplicand), and whose scale is (this.scale() + mutiplicand.scale()).
[ (相对)精确的除法 ]
如果商本身是有限的,那么除法将消除精度丢失,而如果商本身是无限的,那么采用舍入模式实现相对精确.
> BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor)
Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this / divisor), and whose preferred scale is (this.scale() - divisor.scale()); if the exact quotient( 商 ) cannot be represented (because it has a non-terminating decimal expansion) an ArithmeticException is thrown.
不太能理解preferred scale.
> BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, int roundingMode)
或者BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, RoundingMode roundingMode)
Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this / divisor), and whose scale is this.scale().
采用指定的舍入模式
> BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, int scale, int roundingMode)
或者BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, int scale, RoundingMode roundingMode)
Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this / divisor), and whose scale is as specified.
采用指定的舍入模式
[ 舍入模式 ]
> static int ROUND_CEILING
Rounding mode to round towards positive infinity.
向正无穷方向舍入
> static int ROUND_DOWN
Rounding mode to round towards zero.
向零方向舍入
> static int ROUND_FLOOR
Rounding mode to round towards negative infinity.
向负无穷方向舍入
> static int ROUND_HALF_DOWN
Rounding mode to round towards "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round down.
向(距离)最近的一边舍入,除非两边(的距离)是相等,如果是这样,向下舍入, 例如1.55 保留一位小数结果为1.5
> static int ROUND_HALF_EVEN
Rounding mode to round towards the "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case, round towards the even neighbor.
向(距离)最近的一边舍入,除非两边(的距离)是相等,如果是这样,如果保留位数是奇数,使用ROUND_HALF_UP ,如果是偶数,使用ROUND_HALF_DOWN
> static int ROUND_HALF_UP
Rounding mode to round towards "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round up.
向(距离)最近的一边舍入,除非两边(的距离)是相等,如果是这样,向上舍入, 1.55保留一位小数结果为1.6
> static int ROUND_UNNECESSARY
Rounding mode to assert that the requested operation has an exact result, hence no rounding is necessary.
计算结果是精确的,不需要舍入模式
> static int ROUND_UP
Rounding mode to round away from zero.
向远离0的方向舍入