复习新托福iBT英文写作经验汇总

复习IBT作文经验汇总

如果有人问,托福各项成绩中,哪项最容易得到提高,我觉得就是托福作文.当然,这个提高是要在一定基础上的.这个基础不是说你现在作文能得多少分,而是说只要你有一定的词汇量,一些基础的语法知识,在中小学语文作文没有经常不及格,那么,在一个月内把20分的作文提高到25分以上不说是易入反掌,也是唾手可得.

IBT作文,其实就是美国八股文.首先,我们要知道,IBT作文考查的是一个准备在美国大学里读书的学生能不能用英语把思想观点基本表达清楚,是为了保证该学生将来在交作业时,美国教授不会对着该学生的作业惊为天书.所以,完全没有必要把IBT作文做为你出奇出新的舞台.观点再新颖,结构再奇巧,也没有太大用处

基于上面所述的考查目的,那种担心考官要看成百上千的作文,如果你的作文不能在成百上千的文章中鹤立鸡群的话,将无法得到一个好分,是完全多余的.阅卷者只是在阅读你的作文时希望能读懂你在说什么,没有他看着刺眼的语法和拼写错误,你的作文基本上就25分了.如果好能稍稍有点句式的变化,用一点稍微ADADEMIC的词句,就基本上可以到28,9分了.

具体做法:

首先,BULLETIN上所有的题目过一遍,第一遍很快地过一遍,对所有的题目有个大致印象.

然后,过第二遍时,根据第一遍的印象将所有的题目分类,分几大类就可以了,不用太细,因为你后面会发现,题目不说是千篇一律,说它十篇一律绝不过分.

以上两步,三天可以完成.然后对每类问题,开始确定自己的观点.虽然在准备的过程中,可能会觉得某种观点更好写因此而转变观点,越早能确定自己的观点越好.因为我们的时间和有限,要集中消灭敌人.

在观点确定以后,要设想每道题目自己论述观点的例子和理由,有三到四条既可.不需要太详细.如果想出太多理由的,一定要做好取舍,不要想面面俱到.

然后就可以正式开始练习了.每天,从每组中选两题.第一题,一定要试图在规定时间内写完,不要管自己觉得有多差,这是让你对时间概念有个感觉.同时也知道自己在规定时间内作文的缺陷到底在哪里.规定时间内写完一篇后,给自己最充足的时间来修改,从结构上,造句上,用词上,翻着词典,寻找范围,可劲儿地改.在改的过程中,要密切注意自己在时间范围内写完的作文中的语法错误.改完后,对照前后两个版本,总结自己的主要缺陷是什么.是有论点不会论述,还是心里知道中文怎么说,却不知道怎么变成英文句子,还是句子的结构没有问题,但总有些关键字不知道怎么拼.将自己修改的地方要牢记(自己改的,不牢记也记牢了).几个小时后,写同类的第二篇,这遍不用太严格按照时间,主要是为了看看自己能不能把在第一篇修改后的学到的东西用到第二篇中.因为是同一类题目,应该是有很多地方能够马上应用到的.写完后,这篇不用太花时间修改,除非你觉得有些新的东西,而且是很普遍的东西,值得查找一番.

以上方法可以把每类练完再练另一类,但我个人推荐每类练四篇,就练另一类,以备我们最后时间不够,没法把大部分题目练完.在用上面这种方法练习了十几篇后,你已经不会觉得在30分钟内写300字左右是件登天难事.不管好坏,你基本已经保证,你能把一篇IBT作文写出来.

在练习过十几篇后,对自己的情况做个总结.在前期对论点和论据准备充分的情况下,这时候见到题目不应该和有犹疑不决不知道说什么的情况.所以这时候的一种普遍情况是,想说的太多,不知如何取舍.注意前面总结过的TWE的特点,你选什么样的理由的不过分,你说你喜欢在图书馆看书而不喜欢在家里看书是因为在图书馆能看到更多的漂亮MM都是有理有据的.没有哪个理由比哪个理由更好的问题,只要你的理由和你的论点直接相关.如果你东西写出一堆,但是上下文逻辑不清楚,条理不通顺.你可以先试试把你要写的作文用两百来字的中文写写看.这是为了看清到底自己是英文表达的问题,还是思想本来就不清晰.对于那种中文意思心里清楚,但要说成英文却颇犯踌躇的情况,试着做做汉译英练习.可以把那些有中文参考译文的结构该错句子拿来联系,看中文译文,翻译成英文.看自己的翻译和原文的区别并体会.即练了英语表达,又丰富了句式.另外我个人还推荐新概念第四册,篇篇经典.

贯穿整个过程,平时在做阅读练习时,留意可以利用的背景,例子,句子,短语.IBT的作文不需要用生辟的词来突显水平.恰恰相反,在同时有简单和复杂的词都可以达意的时候,要优先选简单的词.这也是现在英语界提倡的PLAIN ENGLISH的方向和目标.记短语和固定用法比记单词有效,记句子比短语更有效.句子不是要完全背出原句,而是用它来帮助理解短语和固定用法.

在练习了25-30篇后,你已经到了另一番境界.这时你不会再觉得写出一篇结构完整,条理通顺的IBT作文是什么难事.这时,你要对你文中出现的语法错误进行痛心疾首的反省.对自己文中的每个句子要象做语法改错一样挑错误.每找到一个,抽自己一下.对常犯的错误,要在今后用时,格外小心.

如果你的托福结构改错错误在3个以内,阅读错误在4个以内,你用了以上的方法练习作文50篇后,你要是拿不到25分以上,你来找我.(不过我概不负责就是了)

在做以上两步时,做好笔记,留下一定的空间,以备将来补充.以上两步花一个星期.

八项注意:

<!--[if !supportLists]-->1) <!--[endif]-->在正式考试时,见到题目绝对不允许还在想我要支持哪个观点.或者问你你最喜欢的是什么,你在考试时还在想,这也挺好,那也不错.这个问题在第一阶段就要解决,见到题目就要开始组织结构了

<!--[if !supportLists]-->2) <!--[endif]-->在观点或倾向决定后,绝不允许还在想我用什么理由来说明论述.要选用的理由在第二阶段就基本上已经确定.虽然个别会在后来阶段修改.但不要在考试的时候还没有确定.

<!--[if !supportLists]-->3) <!--[endif]-->不要在局部纠缠不清,不要怕自己的给出的理由是不是很能说服人,只要是直接相关的理由,再个人观点也没关系.不要怕论据有缺陷,会遭人反驳,没人会有功夫去反驳你,只要你自己不在文章里反驳自己.(就是说自己不要前后矛盾)

<!--[if !supportLists]-->4) <!--[endif]-->完整的结构最重要.一定要保证在规定的时间内写出有头有尾的文章.局部段落写得再精彩,如果缺了结尾,肯定4分以下.

<!--[if !supportLists]-->5) <!--[endif]-->句式可以有一定的变化,不要冒险去用太复杂的长句.也就是说不要试图把太多的东西表达在一个句子中.这样不但容易意思表达不清,也容易犯语法错误.

<!--[if !supportLists]-->6) <!--[endif]-->用词达意为最高原则.不用故意去用自己觉得有文彩的词.不仅是因为有可能用法掌握不当,而且有可能会造成语境不符.即使用法正确,个别地方用词风格突兀,反而使全篇平衡失调.就象一般学生作文里突然出现国务院办公厅公文的文风,会让人感到怪异.

<!--[if !supportLists]-->7) <!--[endif]-->注意简练.刚开始练习时,会还怕没有东西可写,所以罗里罗唢罗圈话说一堆,象是把对方当学龄前儿童对待.简练文章才能清晰.可以试着把自己写的文章,要求自己用最少的字重新写一遍,意思不能有损失.看自己到底说了多少费话.

<!--[if !supportLists]-->8) <!--[endif]-->拼写要注意,不要认为拼写错误是小节.错误的拼写是最影响直接印象的错误之一.

写作中常用的句子

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,每组句式的功能相同或相似,考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的12个,做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。

1.表示原因

1There are three reasons for this

2The reasons for this are as follows

3The reason for this is obvious

4The reason for this is not far to seek

5The reason for this is that...

6We have good reason to believe that...

例如:

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our lifeFirstlypeoples living standard has been greatly improvedSecondlymost people are well paid and they can afford what they need or likeLast but not leastmore and more people prefer to enjoy modern life

注:如考生写第一个句子没有把握,可将其改写成两个句子。如:Great changes have taken place in our life There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2.表示好处

1It has the following advantages

2It does us a lot of good

3It benefits us quite a lot

4It is beneficial to us

5It is of great benefit to us

例如:

Books are like friendsThey can help us know the world betterand they can open our minds and widen our horizonsThereforereading extensively is of great benefit to us

3.表示坏处

1It has more disadvantages than advantages

2It does us much harm

3It is harmful to us

例如:

Howevereverything divides into twoTelevision can also be harmful to usIt can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television

4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1It is importantnecessarydifficultconvenient possiblefor sbto do sth

2We think it necessary to do sth

3It plays an important role in our life

例如:

Computers are now being used everywherewhether in the governmentin schools or in businessSoon computers will be found in every hometooWe have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age

5.表示措施

1We should take some effective measures

2We should try our best to overcomeconquerthe difficulties

3We should do our utmost in doing sth

4We should solve the problems that we are confrontedfacedwith

例如:

The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more seriousThereforewe must take some effective measures to solve it

6.表示变化

1Some changes have taken place in the past five years

2A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications

3The computer has brought about many changes in education

例如:

Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five yearsThe major reasons for these changes are not far to seekNowadaysmore and more people are switching from grain to meat for proteinand from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins

7.表示事实、现状

1We cannot ignore the fact that...

2No one can deny the fact that...

3There is no denying the fact that...

4This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in

5Howeverthats not the case

例如:

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollutionTo solve these problems we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollutionThe government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment

8.表示比较

1Compared with AB...

2I prefer to read rather than watch TV

3There is a striking contrast between them

例如:

Compared with carsbicycles have several advantages besides being affordableFirstlythey do not consume natural resources of petroleumSecondlythey do not cause the pollution problemLast but not leastthey contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise

9.表示数量

1It has increaseddecreasedfrom...to...

2The population in this city has now increased decreasedto 800000

3The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January

例如:

With the improvement of the living standardthe proportion of peoples income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased

再如:

From the graph listed aboveit can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000

10.表示看法

1People havetakeadoptassumedifferent attitudes towards sth

2People have different opinions on this problem

3People take different views ofonthe question

4Some people believe that...Others argue that...

例如:

People have different attitudes towards failureSome believe that failure leads to success

Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavorHowever others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers

再如:

Do lucky numbers really bring good luckDifferent people have different views on it

注:一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始,考生应掌握这一写作方法

11.表示结论

1In shortit can be said that ...

2It may be briefly summed up as follows

3From what has been mentioned abovewe can come to the conclusion that ...

例如:

From what has been mentioned abovewe can come to the conclusion that examination is necessaryhowever its method should be improved

注:例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句;例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。

12.套语

1It’s well known to us that ...

2As is known to us,...

3This is a topic that is being widely talked about

4From the graphtablechartlisted aboveit can be seen that ...

5As a proverb says,“Where there is a willthere is a way.

例如:

As is well known to usit is important for the students to know the world outside campus

The reason for this is obviousNowadaysthe society is changing and developing rapidlyand the campus is no longer an ivory towerAs college studentswe must get in touch with the world outside the campusOnly in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate

再如:

Does it pay to be honestThis is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it

摆脱写作中的垃圾词汇

相信大家都有这样的感受,明明是背了很多的单词,可写作文时,总是用一些高中或小学的词汇。(又称垃圾词汇),为了更好的克服这样的情况,我总结了一些常用的替代语,希望对大家有所帮助:

垃圾词汇1:help

典型例句:I"ll help you .

替代语 accommodate E.g.: I’ll endeavor to accommodate you.

  

垃圾词汇2: helpful

典型例句:Sth is helpful (to sb)

替代语 conducive E.g. Sth is conducive to sb

鉴于考研作文多关于道德和品格塑造,再给出两个有用的短语:

time-honored 时代赋予的

do credit to our forbears 继承先辈的优秀传统

  

垃圾词汇3:show

典型例句:as it shows in the picture

替代语 betray

  

垃圾词汇4:think

典型例句:I think ---- ----

替代语deem E.g. He deemed that it was his duty to help. 他认为他有责任加以援助.

  

垃圾词汇5:ugly

典型例句:xxx is ugly

替代语 hideous

  

垃圾词汇6:by the way

典型例句:by the way,....

替代语 incidentally,....

  

垃圾词汇7: because

典型例句:xxx because xxx

替代语 in that/in as much as

  

垃圾词汇8: consider

典型例句: We must consider xxx

替代语: allow for E.g. : We must allow for xxx

  

垃圾词汇9: much

典型例句: there has been a much increase in the world population

替代语:there has been a drastic increase in the -----

  

垃圾词汇10: about

典型例句:it is about 250 times of that

替代语 it is approximately ---

  

垃圾词汇11: buy

替代语purchase

写作8原则

1.Organize your thoughts before writing: brainstormmake an outlineetc.

下笔前整合思绪:脑力激荡,写出纲要等。

2. Write clearly. Be concise. Avoid wordiness.

写作清晰,务必精简,避免赘言。

3. Use good grammar and write complete sentences.

使用好的文法,写出完整句子。

4. Write simple sentences. Avoid a fancy style.

尝试简单句,避免花俏的句法。

5.Avoid slangcliché and informal words.

避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字。

6. Avoid use of the first person (i.e. I/me/my) unless necessary to specific piece

除非必要,避免使用第一人称:如“我/我的”。

7. Writing naturally. Read it aloud. Does it sound natural? Does it flow?

自然挥洒,大声朗诵。整篇文章听起来自然吗?通顺吗?

8. Move logically from one idea to the next. Don't skip steps.

上下句意要合乎逻辑。别毫无章法乱跳。

英语与汉语语篇的差别

有专家总结了一个很好的东西,叫形合与意合。英语就是属于形合语言,当然,汉语就属于意合语言了。什么是形合什么是意合呢?所谓形合,就是说英语需要形式的合拍。我经常讲一句话,就是,英语是逻辑语言,法制语言,很讲究根据的,这个主要是因为西方语言是在希腊罗马文化背景下发 展出来,以前的什么逻辑学呢数学呢都对这个语言产生了巨大的影响。

一般认为嘛 ,英语的来源有三个点,第一个是希腊罗马神话,第二个呢,是圣经,第三个则是 我们熟悉的大作家莎士比亚[目前尚且存在争议,有的人认为莎士比亚是个创作组,有的认为呢,是另外一个人找的替代名字等等]。正是因为英语有这个发展的脉络所以注定了它的形合。

形合语言非常重视结构上的完整和表达的科学性。比如说,英语中经常交代连接词告诉你为什么这样,我吃饭,因为饿了。因此,英语在交代一个事情的时候往往更注重其科学性或逻辑性。比如 "When they get to the top branches, they fly down to the base of the next tree and spiral up again. " 在交代到下棵树的时候,他交代了动作,先下来down,然后再to 靠近。分解这个动作的本身是为了逻辑的表达准确。

而相反,我们汉语却没有这么讲究,我们可以直接说“飞奔到了那附近的一克树下”,这在外国人理解起来有点费解。再比如,在英语中的不少介词诸如intoonto, within, without 都有两层意思, into其实先是 to[接近],然后才能 in[进入]

汉语却不这样了,比如,在《改造我们的学习》中就有很多人所谓的“病句” ,即不懂语法。既然语法上讲不通,为什么全国人民却能很容易读懂呢?这个正说明了我们汉语的意合。即,只求意义的整合,不求逻辑的严密。

定语从句易犯的小错误

由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂,初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误,最常见的有如下七种:

一、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如:   

  1.误:Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come

  正:Some of the boys I invited didn’t come

  译:我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。

  析:应删去them,因为从句的宾语是省略了的whomwhothat。  

  2.误:The book that you need it is in the library

  正:The book that you need is in the library

  译:你需要的书在图书馆里。

  析:应删去it,因为从句的宾语是关系代词that

二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如:  

  1.误:Anyone who break the law will be punished

  正:Anyone who breaks the law will be punished

  译:任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。

  析:应改breakbreaks,因为whoanyone,是单数。  

  2.误:Those who has finished may go home

  正:Those who have finished may go home

  

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