关键字: java 性能
一、避免在循环条件中使用复杂表达式
在不做编译优化的情况下,在循环中,循环条件会被反复计算,如果不使用复杂表达式,而使循环条件值不变的话,程序将会运行的更快。
例子:
- import java.util.Vector;
- class CEL {
- void method (Vector vector) {
- for (int i = 0; i < vector.size (); i++) // Violation
- ; // ...
- }
- }
import java.util.Vector;
class CEL {
void method (Vector vector) {
for (int i = 0; i < vector.size (); i++) // Violation
; // ...
}
}
更正:
- class CEL_fixed {
- void method (Vector vector) {
- int size = vector.size ()
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
- ; // ...
- }
- }
class CEL_fixed {
void method (Vector vector) {
int size = vector.size ()
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
; // ...
}
}
二、为'Vectors' 和 'Hashtables'定义初始大小
JVM为Vector扩充大小的时候需要重新创建一个更大的数组,将原原先数组中的内容复制过来,最后,原先的数组再被回收。可见Vector容量的扩大是一个颇费时间的事。
通常,默认的10个元素大小是不够的。你最好能准确的估计你所需要的最佳大小。
例子:
- import java.util.Vector;
- public class DIC {
- public void addObjects (Object[] o) {
- // if length > 10, Vector needs to expand
- for (int i = 0; i< o.length;i++) {
- v.add(o); // capacity before it can add more elements.
- }
- }
- public Vector v = new Vector(); // no initialCapacity.
- }
import java.util.Vector;
public class DIC {
public void addObjects (Object[] o) {
// if length > 10, Vector needs to expand
for (int i = 0; i< o.length;i++) {
v.add(o); // capacity before it can add more elements.
}
}
public Vector v = new Vector(); // no initialCapacity.
}
更正:
自己设定初始大小。
- public Vector v = new Vector(20);
- public Hashtable hash = new Hashtable(10);
public Vector v = new Vector(20);
public Hashtable hash = new Hashtable(10);
参考资料:
Dov Bulka, "Java Performance and Scalability Volume 1: Server-Side Programming
Techniques" Addison Wesley, ISBN: 0-201-70429-3 pp.55 – 57
三、在finally块中关闭Stream
程序中使用到的资源应当被释放,以避免资源泄漏。这最好在finally块中去做。不管程序执行的结果如何,finally块总是会执行的,以确保资源的正确关闭。
例子:
- import java.io.*;
- public class CS {
- public static void main (String args[]) {
- CS cs = new CS ();
- cs.method ();
- }
- public void method () {
- try {
- FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream ("CS.java");
- int count = 0;
- while (fis.read () != -1)
- count++;
- System.out.println (count);
- fis.close ();
- } catch (FileNotFoundException e1) {
- } catch (IOException e2) {
- }
- }
- }
import java.io.*;
public class CS {
public static void main (String args[]) {
CS cs = new CS ();
cs.method ();
}
public void method () {
try {
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream ("CS.java");
int count = 0;
while (fis.read () != -1)
count++;
System.out.println (count);
fis.close ();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e1) {
} catch (IOException e2) {
}
}
}
更正:
在最后一个catch后添加一个finally块
参考资料:
Peter Haggar: "Practical Java - Programming Language Guide".
Addison Wesley, 2000, pp.77-79
四、使用'System.arraycopy ()'代替通过来循环复制数组
'System.arraycopy ()' 要比通过循环来复制数组快的多。
例子:
- public class IRB
- {
- void method () {
- int[] array1 = new int [100];
- for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
- array1 [i] = i;
- }
- int[] array2 = new int [100];
- for (int i = 0; i < array2.length; i++) {
- array2 [i] = array1 [i]; // Violation
- }
- }
- }
public class IRB
{
void method () {
int[] array1 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
array1 [i] = i;
}
int[] array2 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array2.length; i++) {
array2 [i] = array1 [i]; // Violation
}
}
}
更正:
- public class IRB
- {
- void method () {
- int[] array1 = new int [100];
- for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
- array1 [i] = i;
- }
- int[] array2 = new int [100];
- System.arraycopy(array1, 0, array2, 0, 100);
- }
- }
public class IRB
{
void method () {
int[] array1 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
array1 [i] = i;
}
int[] array2 = new int [100];
System.arraycopy(array1, 0, array2, 0, 100);
}
}
参考资料:
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~jch/java/speed.html
五、让访问实例内变量的getter/setter方法变成”final”
简单的getter/setter方法应该被置成final,这会告诉编译器,这个方法不会被重载,所以,可以变成”inlined”
例子:
- class MAF {
- public void setSize (int size) {
- _size = size;
- }
- private int _size;
- }
class MAF {
public void setSize (int size) {
_size = size;
}
private int _size;
}
更正:
- class DAF_fixed {
- final public void setSize (int size) {
- _size = size;
- }
- private int _size;
- }
class DAF_fixed {
final public void setSize (int size) {
_size = size;
}
private int _size;
}
参考资料:
Warren N. and Bishop P. (1999), "Java in Practice", p. 4-5
Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-36065-9
六、避免不需要的instanceof操作
如果左边的对象的静态类型等于右边的,instanceof表达式返回永远为true。
例子:
- public class UISO {
- public UISO () {}
- }
- class Dog extends UISO {
- void method (Dog dog, UISO u) {
- Dog d = dog;
- if (d instanceof UISO) // always true.
- System.out.println("Dog is a UISO");
- UISO uiso = u;
- if (uiso instanceof Object) // always true.
- System.out.println("uiso is an Object");
- }
- }
public class UISO {
public UISO () {}
}
class Dog extends UISO {
void method (Dog dog, UISO u) {
Dog d = dog;
if (d instanceof UISO) // always true.
System.out.println("Dog is a UISO");
UISO uiso = u;
if (uiso instanceof Object) // always true.
System.out.println("uiso is an Object");
}
}
更正:
删掉不需要的instanceof操作。
- class Dog extends UISO {
- void method () {
- Dog d;
- System.out.println ("Dog is an UISO");
- System.out.println ("UISO is an UISO");
- }
- }
class Dog extends UISO {
void method () {
Dog d;
System.out.println ("Dog is an UISO");
System.out.println ("UISO is an UISO");
}
}
七、避免不需要的造型操作
所有的类都是直接或者间接继承自Object。同样,所有的子类也都隐含的“等于”其父类。那么,由子类造型至父类的操作就是不必要的了。
例子:
- class UNC {
- String _id = "UNC";
- }
- class Dog extends UNC {
- void method () {
- Dog dog = new Dog ();
- UNC animal = (UNC)dog; // not necessary.
- Object o = (Object)dog; // not necessary.
- }
- }
class UNC {
String _id = "UNC";
}
class Dog extends UNC {
void method () {
Dog dog = new Dog ();
UNC animal = (UNC)dog; // not necessary.
Object o = (Object)dog; // not necessary.
}
}
更正:
- class Dog extends UNC {
- void method () {
- Dog dog = new Dog();
- UNC animal = dog;
- Object o = dog;
- }
- }
class Dog extends UNC {
void method () {
Dog dog = new Dog();
UNC animal = dog;
Object o = dog;
}
}
参考资料:
Nigel Warren, Philip Bishop: "Java in Practice - Design Styles and Idioms
for Effective Java". Addison-Wesley, 1999. pp.22-23
八、如果只是查找单个字符的话,用charAt()代替startsWith()
用一个字符作为参数调用startsWith()也会工作的很好,但从性能角度上来看,调用用String API无疑是错误的!
例子:
Java