java注释
Java的注释分三种:单行、多行以及文档注释。
单行:
//后面的内容就是单行注释;
多行:/* 中间部分 就是多行注释 */;
Java标识符
标识符(合法的名字):类名、方法名等。标识符由字母、下划线_、美元符号$或数字组成。
标识符应由字母、下划线或美元符号开头,且不能是Java的关键字和保留字
。共53个关键字,
其中有2个保留字:const、goto,它们在Java中目前没有被
使用,因此不具有意义。我们的类名应尽量有意义
。
java 运算符
Java提供了一组运算符丰富的操纵变量。我们可以把所有的Java操作符为以下几组:
1.>算术运算符
算术运算符用于在数学表达式中,他们是在代数中使用的方法相同。下表列出了算术运算符:
假设整型变量A=10和变量B=20,则:
算术运算实例
运算符 描述 实例
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
---|---|---|
+ | Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator | A + B = 30 |
- | Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand | A - B = -10 |
* | Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the operator | A * B = 200 |
/ | Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand | B / A = 2 |
% | Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder | B % A = 0 |
++ | Increment - Increases the value of operand by 1 | B++ =21 |
-- | Decrement - Decreases the value of operand by 1 | B-- =19 |
2.>关系运算符
假设变量A=10和变量B=20,则:
关系运算符实例
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
---|---|---|
== | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A == B) is not true. |
!= | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. | (A != B) is true. |
> | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A > B) is not true. |
< | Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A < B) is true. |
>= | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A >= B) is not true. |
<= | Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A <= B) is true. |
3.>位运算符
Java定义了几个位运算符,它可以应用到整数类型,长型,整型,短整型,字符和字节。
位运算符作用于位,并执行逐位操作。假设当a =60和b= 13; 现在以二进制格式,他们将会如下:
a = 0011 1100
b = 0000 1101
-----------------
a&b = 0000 1100
a|b = 0011 1101
a^b = 0011 0001
~a = 1100 0011
下表列出了按位运算符:
假设整型变量A=60和变量B=13,则:
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
---|---|---|
& | Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. | (A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100 |
| | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. | (A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101 |
^ | Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. | (A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001 |
~ | Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. | (~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number. |
<< | Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000 |
>> | Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A >> 2 will give 15 which is 1111 |
>>> | Shift right zero fill operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand and shifted values are filled up with zeros. | A >>>2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111 |
4.> 逻辑运算符
下表列出了逻辑运算符:
假设布尔变量A=ture,变量B=false,那么:
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
---|---|---|
&& | Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true. | (A && B) is false. |
|| | Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true. | (A || B) is true. |
! | Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false. | !(A && B) is true. |
5.>赋值运算符
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
---|---|---|
= | Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand | C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C |
+= | Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand | C += A is equivalent to C = C + A |
-= | Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand | C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A |
*= | Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand | C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A |
/= | Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand | C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A |
%= | Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand | C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A |
<<= | Left shift AND assignment operator | C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2 |
>>= | Right shift AND assignment operator | C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2 |
&= | Bitwise AND assignment operator | C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2 |
^= | bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator | C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2 |
|= | bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator | C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2 |
6.> 其它运算符
条件运算符也被称为三元运算符。该运算符包括三个操作数,用于评估计算布尔表达式。
此运算符的目标是确定哪些值应分配给该变量。可写为:
variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false
instanceof运算符:
这个操作符只用于对象引用变量。操作检查对象是否为特定类型(类类型或接口类型)。
instanceof 运算符被写为:
( Object reference variable ) instanceof (class/interface type)
流程控制语句
Java主要的控制语句有三种,选择语句、循环语句、跳转语句。
选择结构:
在Java中有两种选择语句可以使用:if和switch
if(条件)
{
//语句块1
}
else
{
//后续语句
}
switch语句:表达式必须是byte、short、int或者是char类型。
在case后边的value值必须是跟表达式类型一致类型或 者是可以兼容的类型,不能出现重复的value值。
switch ( 整型或字符型变量 )
{
case 变量可能值1 :
分支一;
break;
case 变量可能值2 :
分支二;
break;
case 变量可能值3 :
分支三;
break;
...
default :
最后分支;
}
循环结构:Java中的常用循环形式有三种,for、while、do-while循环
1> do{
//do something...
}while(返回boolean值的表达式)
2> for(初始化语句;返回boolean值得表达式;每次循环体执行完后执行的代码)
{
//do something...
}
3>
while(返回boolean值的表达式){
do something...
}
数组
数组
的初始化分为两种:
1>静态初始化:int[] a = new int[]{1,2,3}//只指定数组的元素,让系统
来决定数组的长度,推荐使用这种。还有一种写法:int[] a={1,2,3}; //直接指定数组元素。
2>
动态初始化:int[] a=new int[3];//只指定数组的长度,让系统来决定数组的元素值
Arrays 类:
java.util.Arrays中的类包含各种静态方法用于排序和搜索数组,数组的比较和填充数组元素。这些方法被重载的所有基本类型。
SN | 方法和描述 |
---|---|
1 | public static int binarySearch(Object[] a, Object key) 搜索对象的指定数组(字节,整数,双精度等)使用二进制搜索算法来指定值。该数组必须在进行此调用之前对分类。这将返回索引搜索关键字,如果它被包含在列表 (-(insertion point + 1). |
2 | public static boolean equals(long[] a, long[] a2) 如果多头的两个指定数组彼此相等返回true。两个数组认为是相等判定方法:如果两个数组包含相同的元素数目,并在两个数组元素的所有相应对相等。如果两 个数组相等,返回true。同样的方法可以用于所有其它的原始数据类型 (Byte, short, Int, etc.) |
3 | public static void fill(int[] a, int val) 将指定的int值到指定的int型数组中的每个元素。同样的方法可以用于所有其它的原始数据类型(Byte, short, Int etc.) |
4 | public static void sort(Object[] a) 排序对象指定的数组升序排列,根据其元素的自然顺序。同样的方法可以用于所有其它的原始数据类型( Byte, short, Int, etc.) |