clojure macro宏在运行之前机械展开,定义宏相当于给语言增加新特性,写宏的*原则*:
- 能写成函数就不要用宏(因为写宏没有写函数简单直观,容易写错,需要先在 REPL 中测试一番)
- 只有不得不用时才用宏(性能要求高时比函数调用快,或者需要“代码<->数据”相互转换)
- 精心设计的宏调用比函数调用更 DSL(如实现控制结构、传递 Java方法)
宏与函数
;; 宏正确写法
(defmacro op [x f1 y f2 z]
(list f2 z (list f1 x y)))
(println (op 5 + 2 * 10)) ;; 70
(println (macroexpand '(op 5 + 2 * 10))) ;; (* 10 (+ 5 2))
(println (macroexpand-1 '(op 5 + 2 * 10))) ;; (* 10 (+ 5 2))
(println (clojure.walk/macroexpand-all '(op 5 + 2 * 10))) ;; (* 10 (+ 5 2))
;; 宏错误写法
(defmacro op2 [x f1 y f2 z]
( f2 z (f1 x y)))
(println (op2 5 + 2 * 10)) ;; 2
(println (macroexpand '(op2 5 + 2 * 10))) ;; 2
(println (macroexpand-1 '(op2 5 + 2 * 10))) ;; 2
(println (clojure.walk/macroexpand-all '(op2 5 + 2 * 10))) ;; 2
;; 不使用宏
(defn op3 [x f1 y f2 z]
( f2 z (f1 x y)))
(println (op3 5 + 2 * 10)) ;; 70
(println (macroexpand '(op3 5 + 2 * 10))) ;; (op3 5 + 2 * 10)
(println (macroexpand-1 '(op3 5 + 2 * 10))) ;; (op3 5 + 2 * 10)
(println (clojure.walk/macroexpand-all '(op3 5 + 2 * 10))) ;; (op3 5 + 2 * 10)
说明:
正确的宏写法,需要添加 list,宏用defmacro定义,不用宏写法的函数用defn定义
调试宏,用macroexpand展开
宏符号
` | 原原本本地直译过去,不用`,let语句不被翻译,例如: (let [datastr '{:a 1 :b 2}]) |
~' | 后面的变量被直接翻译过去,例如:(let [~'conn "meta"] (with-mongo ~'conn)) |
'~ | 变量名本身而非值,例如:(defn f1 [x] (println '~x ":" ~x)) (let [a 10] (f1 a)) ;; a:10 |
~@ | 表示多条语句 |
示例1:
(defmacro debug [x] `(println "---" '~x ":" ~x))
(let [a 10] (debug a)) ;; --- a : 10
说明:
'~x 显示变量名,即a
~x 解析为变量值,即a的值 10
示例2:
(defn make-connection [x] (println "in make-connection = " x) x) ;; meta
(defn with-mongo [x] (println "in with-mongo = " x)) ;; meta
(defmacro with-dict
"连接到 meta库的 dict表进行操作"
[& body]
`(let [~'dbname "meta"
~'tbname :dict
~'conn (make-connection ~'dbname)
]
(with-mongo ~'conn)
(println "~'conn = " ~'conn) ;; meta
(println "~'tbname = " ~'tbname) ;; :dict
(println "~@body = " ~@body) ;; meta :dict db-test2' tbl-test2'
~@body))
(let [dbname 'db-test'
tbname 'tbl-test'
dbname2 'db-test2'
tbname2 'tbl-test2'
conn 'conn-sql'
make-connection 'make-conn'
body 'body1']
(with-dict dbname tbname dbname2 tbname2))
运行结果:
in make-connection = meta
in with-mongo = meta
~'conn = meta
~'tbname = :dict
~@body = meta :dict db-test2' tbl-test2'
说明:
make-connection 和 with-mongo 是定义的函数,后面传递的是参数,使用 ~' 修饰直接翻译过去,即字符串传字符串,:dict 键值也传键值
with-dict 传递多个参数给body,其中 dbname tbname 在 with-dict 中被重新赋值,因此打印出的结果也为赋值后的最新结果