Python编程从入门到实践（第2版）第五章 if 语句

5.1 一个简单示例

输入：

cars = ['audi','bmw','subaru','toyota']

for car in cars:
    if car == 'bmw':
        print(car.upper()) # 若是，首字母大写方式打印
    else:
        print(car.title()) # 若不是，全大写方式打印

输出：

Audi
BMW
Subaru
Toyota

5.2 条件测试

5.2.1 检查是否相等

5.2.2 检查是否相等时忽略大小写

# 检查是否相等
car = 'bmw' # 赋值
car == 'bmw' # 相等运算符，检查是否相等
True

car = 'audi' # 赋值
car == 'bmw' # 相等运算符，检查是否相等
False

#检查是否相等时忽略大小写
car = 'Audi' #区分大小写
car == 'audi'
False

car = 'Audi' #转换为小写后再进行比较
car.lower() == 'audi'
Ture

car = 'Audi' #lower()并不会关联到car的值
car.lower() == 'audi'
Ture
car
'Audi'

5.2.3 检查是否不相等

输入：

requested_topping = 'mushrooms'

if requested_topping != 'anchovies':
    print("Hold the anchovies!")

输出：

Hold the anchovies!

5.2.4 数值比较

age = 18
age == 18
Ture
age = 19
age ＜ 21
True
age  ＜＝ 21
True
age  ＞ 21
False
age ＞=21
False

输入：

answer = 17

if answer != 42:
    print("That is not the correct answer.Please try again!")

输出：

That is not the correct answer.Please try again!

5.2.5 检查多个条件

# 使用and检查多个条件
age_0 = 22
age_1 = 18
age_0 ＞= 21 and age_1 ＞= 21
False
age_1 = 22
age_0 ＞= 21 and age_1 ＞= 21
True

# 使用or检查多个条件
age_0 = 22
age_1 = 18
age_0 ＞= 21 or age_1 ＞= 21
True
age_0 = 18
age_0 ＞= 21 or age_1 ＞= 21
False

# 检查特定值是否包含在列表中 in
requested_toppings = ['mushroom','onions','pineapple']
'mushroom' in requested_toppings
True
'pepperoni' in requested_toppings
False

输入：

# 检查特定值是否不包含在列表中 not in 
banned_users = ['andrew','carolina','david']
user = 'marie'

if user not in banned_users:
    print(f"{user.title()},you can post a response if you wish.")

输出：

marie，you can post a response if you wish.

5.3 if语句

5.3.1 简单的if语句

if conditional_test:
    do something

输入：

age = 19
if age ＞= 18：
    print（“You are old enough to votel!"）

输出：

You are old enough to votel!

5.3.2 if-else 语句

输入：

age = 17
if age ＞= 18：
    print("You are old enough to vote!")
    print("Have you registered to vote yet?")
else:
    print("Sorry,you are too young to vote.")
    print("Please register to vote as soon you turn 18!")

输出：

Sorry,you are too young to vote.
Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18!

5.3.3 if-elif-else结构

4岁以下免费，4~18岁收费25美元，18岁（含）以上收费40美元。
方式一：
输入：

age = 12

if age ＜ 4：
    print("Your admission cost is $0.")
elif age ＜ 18：
    print("Your admission cost is $25.")
else:
    print("Your admission cost is $40.")

输出：

Your admission cost is $25.

方式二，以更为简洁的方式。
输入：

age = 12

if age ＜ 4：
    price = 0
elif age ＜ 18：
    price = 25
else:
    price = 40
   
print(f"Your admission cost is ${price}.")

输出：

Your admission cost is $25.

5.3.4 使用多个elif代码块

下面假设对于65岁（含）以上的老人，可半价（即20美元）购买门票：
输入：

age = 80

if age ＜ 4：
    price = 0
elif age ＜ 18：
    price = 25
elif age ＜ 65：
    price = 40
else:
    price = 20
print(f"Your admission cost is ${price}.")

输出：

Your admission cost is 20.

5.3.5 省略else代码块

Python并不要求if-elif结构后面必须有else代码块。
输入：

age = 80

if age ＜ 4：
    price = 0
elif age ＜ 18：
    price = 25
elif age ＜ 65：
    price = 40
else age ＞ 65：
    price = 20
   
print(f"Your admission cost is ${price}.")

输出：

Your admission cost is 20.