通用质量论（The Universal Quality）（索引码：ewRyS7）

摘要
中文
目的：本论文的目的是通过克服几个障碍，展示在社会学和哲学的基础上发展质量科学范式的可能性。
方法：本论文主要基于卢曼系统论和一些哲学发现。
成果：构建了可以提供最大认知一致性的改进型卢曼系统理论（通用系统论）。提供了质量的经验定义和质量的通用定义。发现了现代质量管理的局限性。分析了通用质量理论。介绍并反思了社会质量管理。
实际意义：本论文主要用于学术研究。通用系统理论、通用质量定义和通用质量理论可在质量科学中被应用以追求最大的认知一致性。社会质量管理可以作为一个示例，以观察如何可将质量管理应用于社会。
原创性：本论文将卢曼的系统理论和一些哲学发现吸纳入了质量科学，从而以最大的一致性系统地扩大了质量科学的应用范围。论文使用的术语‘质量科学’聚焦于‘质量’本身。
关键词：质量定义，质量科学，社会质量管理

英文
Purpose – The purpose of the thesis is to show the possibility to develop the paradigm of quality science on a sociological and philosophical basis by overcoming several obstacles.
Approach – The thesis is majorly based on Luhmann’s systems theory and several philosophical findings.
Contributions – A modified Luhmann’s systems theory (the universal systems theory) that can provide maximal recognitive consistency is constructed. The empirical definition of quality and the universal definition of quality are provided. The limitation of modern quality management is discovered. The universal quality theories are analyzed. The social quality management (SQM) is introduced and reflected.
Practical Implications – The thesis is majorly for academic research. The universal systems theory, the universal definition of quality, and the universal quality theories can be applied to reach maximal recognitive consistency in quality science. SQM can be referred as an example to see the possibility about how quality management can be applied to the society.
Originality – The thesis incorporates Luhmann’s systems theory and several philosophical findings into quality science, which systematically enlarges the scope of quality science with maximal consistency. The thesis applies the term ‘quality science’ that only focuses on ‘quality’ itself.
Keywords: Defining quality, Quality science, Social quality management

总结
为了将质量科学发展为一个范式，有以下挑战需要被处理：

• 不存在统一的质量定义。
• 来自社会科学和哲学的知识被事实上地忽略。
• 质量管理被困在经典系统理论之中。
• 当下质量管理的普适性未被证明。
• 新的质量管理趋势：社会质量管理。

在论文中，卢曼的系统论被简要地介绍。基于卢曼的系统论的改进的卢曼系统论（通用系统论）被构建，其不仅是社会性通用的也是物理性通用的。通过吸收卢曼系统论和通用系统论，经典系统理论的困境会被克服并且理论基础得以建成，基于这个基础质量科学就可以以一种统一的方式分析社会和物理现象。和吸收过程一起，几个哲学发现被讨论并被导入。

基于对当下质量定义的分析，质量的经验定义和通用质量定义被提供。通用质量定义是尤其克服了当下质量定义和经验质量定义局限的定义，其是基于通用系统论的最广泛的质量定义。

质量管理的局限被发现。可以克服当下质量管理局限的基于通用质量定义的通用质量理论被提供，它的萃取过程被给出。

对于质量管理的新趋势，在政府内应用当下质量管理的局限被介绍。目前的社会质量管理被介绍，其局限被分析。社会质量理论被提供，在其中社会系统被视为质量可评估的功能系统。

Summary
For the development of quality science into a paradigm, there are challenges that need to be dealt with:

• The unified definition of quality is inexistent.
• Knowledge from social science and philosophy is factually ignored.
• Quality management is trapped in the classical system theories.
• The universality of current quality management is unproven.
• The new trend of quality management: social quality management.

In the thesis, Luhmann’s systems theory is introduced in a compact way. The modified Luhmann’s systems theory (the universal systems theory) is constructed based on Luhmann’s systems theory, which is not only socially applicable but also physically applicable. Through the incorporation of Luhmann’s systems theory and the universal systems theory, the trap of the classical system theories can be overcome and the theoretical base is constructed, on which quality science can analyze social and physical phenomena in a unified way. Several philosophical findings are discussed and imported along with the incorporation.

Based on the analyzation of the current definitions of quality, the empirical definition of quality, and the universal definition of quality are provided. The universal definition of quality is especially the definition that overcomes the limitations of the current definitions of quality and the empirical definition of quality, which is the most comprehensive definition of quality that is based on the universal systems theory.

The limitation of quality management is discovered. The universal quality theories that are based on the universal definition of quality can overcome the limitation of current quality management are provided, the extraction process of which is offered.

Regarding the new trend of quality management, the limitation of applying current quality management in government is introduced. The social quality management is introduced, the limitation of which is analyzed. The social quality theory is provided, in which social systems are regarded as functional systems that are quality-evaluable.

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