1 Counting One Thing by Counting Another
The Bijection Rule: if you figure out the size of one set, then you can immediately determine the sizes of many other sets via bijections.
2 Counting Sequences
Product Rule:
If
P1,P2,P3...Pn
are finite sets, then:
|P1×P2×P3...×Pn|=|P1|∙|P2|∙...|Pn|
Sum Rule:
If S1,S2,S3...Sn are disjoint sets, then:
|S1∪S2∪S3...∪Sn|=|S1|+|S2|+...|Sn|
Reference
[1] Lehman E, Leighton F H, Meyer A R. Mathematics for Computer Science[J]. 2015.