C++ Primer （第五版）-第一章 -初识C++开始

**

题记：写这个专栏目的是刷一遍c++知识点，并整理和记录c++ Primer的要点，提高个人的知识体系。同时向大师致敬。声明本专栏只用于学习交流之用。

**

一、源码下载

链接： 源码下载

二、第一章–开始

1.1编写一个简单的程序–初探c++

  int  main()
  {
   return 0;
 }

1、返回类型（return type）
2、函数名 （Function name）
3、形参列表（parameter list允许为空）
4、函数体 (function body )—花括号和语句块

编译：

1.2、初识输入输出

c++语言提供标准库（standard library）,大部分使用iostream io库。包含istream 和ostream

//头文件，通常情况下，＃include指令必须出现在所有函数之外。
//我们一般将一个程序的所有机nclude指令部放在源文件的开始位置
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
	// prompt user to enter two numbers
	/*
第一个输出运算符给用户打印一条消息。这个消息是一个字符串字面值常量Cstrmg
literal），是用一对双引号包围的字符序列。在双引号之间的文本被打印到标准输出。
第二个运算符打印endl，这是－ 个被称为操纵符（manipul ator ）的特殊值。写入end l
的效果是结束当前行， 并将与设备关联的缓冲区（buffer）中的内容刷到设备中。缓冲刷
新操作可以保证到目前为止程序所产生的所有输出有ni真正写入输出流中， 而不是仅停留在
内存中等待写入流。
*/
	std::cout << "Enter two numbers:" << std::endl; 
	int v1 = 0, v2 = 0;
	std::cin >> v1 >> v2;   
/*
向流写入数据
main的函数体的第一条语句执行了一个表达式（ expression）。在C＋＋中， 一个表达
式产生一个计算结果， 它由一个或多个运算对象和（通常是〉一个运算符组成。这条语句
中的表达式使用了输出运算符（《）在标准输出上打印消息：
*/
	std::cout << "The sum of " << v1 << " and " << v2
	          << " is " << v1 + v2 << std::endl;
	return 0;
}

输出结果：

1.3、注释

1.4、逻辑语句

#include

                                         while循环

int main()
{
    int sum = 0, val = 1;
    // keep executing the while as long as val is less than or equal to 10
    while (val <= 10) {
        sum += val;  // assigns sum + val to sum
        ++val;       // add 1 to val
    }
    std::cout << "Sum of 1 to 10 inclusive is " 
              << sum << std::endl;

	return 0;
}

#include <iostream> 

int main() 
{
	int sum = 0, value = 0;

	// read until end-of-file, calculating a running total of all values read
	while (std::cin >> value) 
		sum += value; // equivalent to sum = sum + value

	std::cout << "Sum is: " << sum << std::endl;
	return 0;
}

                              for循环

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
	int sum = 0;
	for (int i = -100; i <= 100; ++i)
    	sum += i;
	std::cout << sum << std::endl;
	return 0;
}

                                     if语句

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
	// currVal is the number we're counting; we'll read new values into val
	int currVal = 0, val = 0;

	// read first number and ensure that we have data to process
	if (std::cin >> currVal) {        
		int cnt = 1;  // store the count for the current value we're processing
		while (std::cin >> val) { // read the remaining numbers 
			if (val == currVal)   // if the values are the same
				++cnt;            // add 1 to cnt 
			else { // otherwise, print the count for the previous value
				std::cout << currVal << " occurs " 
				          << cnt << " times" << std::endl;
				currVal = val;    // remember the new value
				cnt = 1;          // reset the counter
			}
		}  // while loop ends here
		// remember to print the count for the last value in the file
		std::cout << currVal << " occurs " 
		          << cnt << " times" << std::endl;
	} // outermost if statement ends here
	return 0;
}

1.5、类简介

//sales_item.h
#ifndef SALESITEM_H
// we're here only if SALESITEM_H has not yet been defined 
#define SALESITEM_H

#include "Version_test.h" 

// Definition of Sales_item class and related functions goes here
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Sales_item {
// these declarations are explained section 7.2.1, p. 270 
// and in chapter 14, pages 557, 558, 561
friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream&, Sales_item&);
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool operator<(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool 
operator==(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
public:
    // constructors are explained in section 7.1.4, pages 262 - 265
    // default constructor needed to initialize members of built-in type
#if defined(IN_CLASS_INITS) && defined(DEFAULT_FCNS)
    Sales_item() = default;
#else
    Sales_item(): units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
#endif
    Sales_item(const std::string &book):
              bookNo(book), units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
    Sales_item(std::istream &is) { is >> *this; }
public:
    // operations on Sales_item objects
    // member binary operator: left-hand operand bound to implicit this pointer
    Sales_item& operator+=(const Sales_item&);
    
    // operations on Sales_item objects
    std::string isbn() const { return bookNo; }
    double avg_price() const;
// private members as before
private:
    std::string bookNo;      // implicitly initialized to the empty string
#ifdef IN_CLASS_INITS
    unsigned units_sold = 0; // explicitly initialized
    double revenue = 0.0;
#else
    unsigned units_sold;  
    double revenue;       
#endif
};

// used in chapter 10
inline
bool compareIsbn(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs) 
{ return lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn(); }

// nonmember binary operator: must declare a parameter for each operand
Sales_item operator+(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);

inline bool 
operator==(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
    // must be made a friend of Sales_item
    return lhs.units_sold == rhs.units_sold &&
           lhs.revenue == rhs.revenue &&
           lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn();
}

inline bool 
operator!=(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
    return !(lhs == rhs); // != defined in terms of operator==
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item& Sales_item::operator+=(const Sales_item& rhs) 
{
    units_sold += rhs.units_sold; 
    revenue += rhs.revenue; 
    return *this;
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item 
operator+(const Sales_item& lhs, const Sales_item& rhs) 
{
    Sales_item ret(lhs);  // copy (|lhs|) into a local object that we'll return
    ret += rhs;           // add in the contents of (|rhs|) 
    return ret;           // return (|ret|) by value
}

std::istream& 
operator>>(std::istream& in, Sales_item& s)
{
    double price;
    in >> s.bookNo >> s.units_sold >> price;
    // check that the inputs succeeded
    if (in)
        s.revenue = s.units_sold * price;
    else 
        s = Sales_item();  // input failed: reset object to default state
    return in;
}

std::ostream& 
operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Sales_item& s)
{
    out << s.isbn() << " " << s.units_sold << " "
        << s.revenue << " " << s.avg_price();
    return out;
}

double Sales_item::avg_price() const
{
    if (units_sold) 
        return revenue/units_sold; 
    else 
        return 0;
}
#endif

//Sales_item.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "Sales_item.h"

int main() 
{
    Sales_item book;

    // read ISBN, number of copies sold, and sales price
    std::cin >> book;
    // write ISBN, number of copies sold, total revenue, and average price
    std::cout << book << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

  sales_item对象相加

#include <iostream>
#include "Sales_item.h"

int main() 
{
    Sales_item item1, item2;

    std::cin >> item1 >> item2;   //read a pair of transactions
    std::cout << item1 + item2 << std::endl; //print their sum

    return 0;
}

                        初识成员函数

#include <iostream>
#include "Sales_item.h"

int main() 
{
    Sales_item item1, item2;

    std::cin >> item1 >> item2;
	// first check that item1 and item2 represent the same book
	if (item1.isbn() == item2.isbn()) {
    	std::cout << item1 + item2 << std::endl;
    	return 0;   // indicate success
	} else {
    	std::cerr << "Data must refer to same ISBN" 
		          << std::endl;
    	return -1;  // indicate failure
	}
}

#include <iostream>
#include "Sales_item.h"

int main() 
{
    Sales_item total; // variable to hold data for the next transaction

    // read the first transaction and ensure that there are data to process
    if (std::cin >> total) {
		Sales_item trans; // variable to hold the running sum
        // read and process the remaining transactions
        while (std::cin >> trans) {
			// if we're still processing the same book
            if (total.isbn() == trans.isbn()) 
                total += trans; // update the running total 
            else {              
		        // print results for the previous book 
                std::cout << total << std::endl;  
                total = trans;  // total now refers to the next book
            }
		}
        std::cout << total << std::endl; // print the last transaction
    } else {
        // no input! warn the user
        std::cerr << "No data?!" << std::endl;
        return -1;  // indicate failure
    }

    return 0;
}

1.6、小结

1.7、术语表