Beautiful Design of C++ Design

1. 给定一个类型，可能是内置类型，也或许是class。C++给出了办法判断是否定义了相应的迭代器型别

template <class _Tp>
struct __has_iterator_typedefs
{
private:
    struct __two {char __lx; char __lxx;};
    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename std::__void_t<typename _Up::iterator_category>::type* = 0,
    										typename std::__void_t<typename _Up::difference_type>::type* = 0,
    										typename std::__void_t<typename _Up::value_type>::type* = 0,
    										typename std::__void_t<typename _Up::reference>::type* = 0,
    										typename std::__void_t<typename _Up::pointer>::type* = 0
    										);
public:
    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0,0,0,0,0)) == 1;
};

如果定义了相应的型别，struct内的value的值被初始化为true；否则，为false；

template <class _Iter, bool> struct __iterator_traits_impl {};

template <class _Iter>
struct __iterator_traits_impl<_Iter, true>
{
    typedef typename _Iter::difference_type   difference_type;
    typedef typename _Iter::value_type        value_type;
    typedef typename _Iter::pointer           pointer;
    typedef typename _Iter::reference         reference;
    typedef typename _Iter::iterator_category iterator_category;
};

template <class _Iter, bool> struct __iterator_traits {};

template <class _Iter>
struct __iterator_traits<_Iter, true>
    :  __iterator_traits_impl
      <
        _Iter,
        is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, input_iterator_tag>::value ||
        is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, output_iterator_tag>::value
      > {};

template <class _Iter>
struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits
    : __iterator_traits<_Iter, __has_iterator_typedefs<_Iter>::value> {

  using __primary_template = iterator_traits;
};

利用__has_iterator_typedefs，萃取iterator也变得方便。