View的工作原理
ViewRoot和DecorView
1.ViewRoot对应于ViewRootImpl类，它是连接WindowManager和DecorView的纽带，View的三大流程均通过ViewRoot来完成。
2.ActivityThread中，Activity创建完成后，会将DecorView添加到Window中，同时创建ViewRootImpl对象，并建立两者的关联。
3.View的绘制流程从ViewRoot的performTraversals方法开始，经过measure、layout和draw三大流程。
4.DecorView其实是一个FrameLayout，View层的事件都先经过DecorView，然后才传递给我们的View
理解MeasureSpec
MeasureSpec
MeasureSpec代表一个32位int值，高2位代表SpecMode，低30位代表SpecSize，SpecMode是指测量模式，而SpecSize是指在某种测量模式下的规格大小。
1.a) <<左移，>>右移，所以源码中EXACTLY = 1 << MODE_SHIFT就相当于010000……..0000(30个0)，其他可类推； b) &运算 0011 & 1100 ＝ 0000，按位与；｜或运算 0011 ｜ 1100 ＝ 1111，按位或； c)～取反运算，～0000 ＝ 1111，所以(size & ~MODE_MASK) | (mode & MODE_MASK) 就好理解了；
2.三类specMode：UNSPECIFIED，用于内部系统，无视；EXACTLY，精确大小或match_parent；AT_MOST，warp_content；
MeasureSpec和LayoutParams的对应关系
对于DecorView，其MeasureSpec由窗口大小和自身的LayoutParams共同决定；对于普通View,其MeasureSpec由父容器的MeasureSpec和自身的LayoutParams来共同决定，MeasureSpec一旦确定后，onMeasure中就可以确定View的测量宽/高。
子View的LayoutParams和父容器的MeasureSpec关系归纳：
a. 子View为精确宽高，无论父容器的MeasureSpec，子View的MeasureSpec都为精确值且遵循LayoutParams中的值。
b. 子View为match_parent时，如果父容器是精确模式，则子View也为精确模式且为父容器的剩余空间大小；如果父容器是wrap_content，则子View也是wrap_content且不会超过父容器的剩余空间。
c. 子View为wrap_content时，无论父View是精确还是wrap_content，子View的模式总是wrap_content，且不会超过父容器的剩余空间。
View的工作流程
View的工作流程：measure（确定View的测量宽/高）layout（确定View的最终宽/高和四个顶点的位置）draw（将View绘制到屏幕上）
measure过程
1.View的measure过程
View#onMeasure
protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
setMeasuredDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(), widthMeasureSpec),
getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(), heightMeasureSpec));
}
View#getDefaultSize
public static int getDefaultSize(int size, int measureSpec) {
int result = size;
int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(measureSpec);
int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(measureSpec);
switch (specMode) {
case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED:
result = size;
break;
case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST:
case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY:
result = specSize;
break;
}
return result;
}
从getDefaultSize方法实现来看，View的宽/高由specSize决定，所以可以得出以下结论：直接继承View的自定义控件需要重写onMeasure方法并设置wrap_content时的自身大小，否则在布局中使用wrap_content就相当于使用match_parent。
2.ViewGroup的measure过程
ViewGroup#measureChildren
protected void measureChildren(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
final int size = mChildrenCount;
final View[] children = mChildren;
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
final View child = children[i];
if ((child.mViewFlags & VISIBILITY_MASK) != GONE) {
measureChild(child, widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);
}
}
ViewGroup#measureChild
protected void measureChild(View child, int parentWidthMeasureSpec,
int parentHeightMeasureSpec) {
final LayoutParams lp = child.getLayoutParams();
final int childWidthMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentWidthMeasureSpec,
mPaddingLeft + mPaddingRight, lp.width);
final int childHeightMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentHeightMeasureSpec,
mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom, lp.height);
child.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
}
ViewGroup并没有定义其测量的具体过程，因为ViewGroup是一个抽象类，其测量过程的onMeasure方法需要各个子类去具体实现，比如LinearLoyout等具体实现自己查源码
注意：一个比较好的习惯是在onLayout方法中去获取View的测量宽高或最终宽高。
3.如何在Activity初始化时获取View的宽高（View的measure过程与Activity的生命周期不同步）：
a. Activity或者View的onWindowFocusChanged方法（注意该方法会在Activity Pause和resume时被多次调用）。onWindowFocusChanged方法含义：View已经初始化完毕，宽/高已经准备好了，这个时候获取宽/高是OK的。
b. view.post(new Runnable( {@Overiddepublic void run(){})});在run方法中获取。通过post将一个runnable投递到消息队列的尾部，然后等待Looper调用此runnable的时候，View已经初始化完成。
c. ViewTreeObserver中的onGlobalLayoutListener接口。当View树的状态发生改变或者View树内部的View的可见性发生改变时，onGlobalLayout方法会被回调，因此这是获取View的宽/高一个好时机。
d. view.measure手动获取： match_parent：无法测量； 精确值：int wMeasureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(exactlyValue, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY); wrap_content：int wMeasureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec((1 << 30) - 1, MeasureSpec.AT_MOST); PS一下，还不懂(1<<30) - 1的，再多一句嘴，其实就是1111….11111（30个）
layout过程
Layout的作用是ViewGroup用来确定子元素的位置。
layout方法确定View本身的位置，onLayout方法则会确定所有子元素的位置。
View#layout
/**
* Assign a size and position to a view and all of its
* descendants
*/
@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
public void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) {
if ((mPrivateFlags3 & PFLAG3_MEASURE_NEEDED_BEFORE_LAYOUT) != 0) {
onMeasure(mOldWidthMeasureSpec, mOldHeightMeasureSpec);
mPrivateFlags3 &= ~PFLAG3_MEASURE_NEEDED_BEFORE_LAYOUT;
}
int oldL = mLeft;
int oldT = mTop;
int oldB = mBottom;
int oldR = mRight;
boolean changed = isLayoutModeOptical(mParent) ?
setOpticalFrame(l, t, r, b) : setFrame(l, t, r, b);
if (changed || (mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) == PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) {
onLayout(changed, l, t, r, b);
mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED;
ListenerInfo li = mListenerInfo;
if (li != null && li.mOnLayoutChangeListeners != null) {
ArrayList<OnLayoutChangeListener> listenersCopy =
(ArrayList<OnLayoutChangeListener>)li.mOnLayoutChangeListeners.clone();
int numListeners = listenersCopy.size();
for (int i = 0; i < numListeners; ++i) {
listenersCopy.get(i).onLayoutChange(this, l, t, r, b, oldL, oldT, oldR, oldB);
}
}
}
mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT;
mPrivateFlags3 |= PFLAG3_IS_LAID_OUT;
}
大致流程：首先会通过setFrame方法来设定View的四个顶点的位置，View的四个顶点一旦确定，View在父容器中的位置也就确定了；接着会调用onLayout方法，这个方法的用途是父容器确定子元素的位置，和onMeasure方法类似，onLayout的具体实现同样和具体的布局有关，所以View和ViewGroup均没有真正实现onLayout方法。具体实现可参看LinearLayout的onLayout源码。
draw过程
绘制背景（background.draw(canvas)），绘制自己（onDraw()），绘制chidren（dispatchDraw），绘制装饰（onDrawScrollBars）
注：
1.View绘制过程的传递是通过dispatchDraw来实现的，dispatchDraw会遍历调用所有的子元素的draw方法，如此draw事件就一层层地传递下去。
2.setWillNotDraw方法用于在一个View不需要绘制时的优化（设置为true时）。当然明确要onDraw来绘制内容时，设置为false。
自定义View
自定义View的分类
1.继承View重写onDraw方法
2.继承ViewGroup派生特殊的Layout
3.继承特定的View
4.继承特定的ViewGroup
自定义View须知
1.直接继承View或ViewGroup的需要自己处理wrap_content。
2.View要在onDraw方法中要处理padding，而ViewGroup要在onMeasure和onLayout中处理padding和margin。
3.View中的post方法可以取代handler。
4.在View的onDetachedFromWindow中停止动画，线程或回收其他资源。（防止内存泄漏）
5.View带有滑动嵌套情形时，做好滑动冲突处理
事例代码请见书中。我在下面贴一下LinearLayout的相关源码。可以参考学习。
LinearLayout#onMeasure
@Override
protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
if (mOrientation == VERTICAL) {
measureVertical(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);
} else {
measureHorizontal(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);
}
}
LinearLayout#measureVertical
/**
* Measures the children when the orientation of this LinearLayout is set
*/
void measureVertical(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
mTotalLength = 0;
int maxWidth = 0;
int childState = 0;
int alternativeMaxWidth = 0;
int weightedMaxWidth = 0;
boolean allFillParent = true;
float totalWeight = 0;
final int count = getVirtualChildCount();
final int widthMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(widthMeasureSpec);
final int heightMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(heightMeasureSpec);
boolean matchWidth = false;
boolean skippedMeasure = false;
final int baselineChildIndex = mBaselineAlignedChildIndex;
final boolean useLargestChild = mUseLargestChild;
int largestChildHeight = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
// See how tall everyone is. Also remember max width.
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
final View child = getVirtualChildAt(i);
if (child == null) {
mTotalLength += measureNullChild(i);
continue;
}
if (child.getVisibility() == View.GONE) {
i += getChildrenSkipCount(child, i);
continue;
}
if (hasDividerBeforeChildAt(i)) {
mTotalLength += mDividerHeight;
}
LinearLayout.LayoutParams lp = (LinearLayout.LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();
totalWeight += lp.weight;
if (heightMode == MeasureSpec.EXACTLY && lp.height == 0 && lp.weight > 0) {
// Optimization: don't bother measuring children who are going to use
// leftover space. These views will get measured again down below if
// there is any leftover space.
final int totalLength = mTotalLength;
mTotalLength = Math.max(totalLength, totalLength + lp.topMargin + lp.bottomMargin);
skippedMeasure = true;
} else {
int oldHeight = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
if (lp.height == 0 && lp.weight > 0) {
// heightMode is either UNSPECIFIED or AT_MOST, and this
// child wanted to stretch to fill available space.
// Translate that to WRAP_CONTENT so that it does not end up
// with a height of 0
oldHeight = 0;
lp.height = LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT;
}
// Determine how big this child would like to be. If this or
// previous children have given a weight, then we allow it to
// use all available space (and we will shrink things later
// if needed).
measureChildBeforeLayout(
child, i, widthMeasureSpec, 0, heightMeasureSpec,
totalWeight == 0 ? mTotalLength : 0);
if (oldHeight != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
lp.height = oldHeight;
}
final int childHeight = child.getMeasuredHeight();
final int totalLength = mTotalLength;
mTotalLength = Math.max(totalLength, totalLength + childHeight + lp.topMargin +
lp.bottomMargin + getNextLocationOffset(child));
if (useLargestChild) {
largestChildHeight = Math.max(childHeight, largestChildHeight);
}
}
/**
* If applicable, compute the additional offset to the child's baseline
* we'll need later when asked {@link #getBaseline}.
*/
if ((baselineChildIndex >= 0) && (baselineChildIndex == i + 1)) {
mBaselineChildTop = mTotalLength;
}
// if we are trying to use a child index for our baseline, the above
// book keeping only works if there are no children above it with
// weight. fail fast to aid the developer.
if (i < baselineChildIndex && lp.weight > 0) {
throw new RuntimeException("A child of LinearLayout with index "
+ "less than mBaselineAlignedChildIndex has weight > 0, which "
+ "won't work. Either remove the weight, or don't set "
+ "mBaselineAlignedChildIndex.");
}
boolean matchWidthLocally = false;
if (widthMode != MeasureSpec.EXACTLY && lp.width == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
// The width of the linear layout will scale, and at least one
// child said it wanted to match our width. Set a flag
// indicating that we need to remeasure at least that view when
// we know our width.
matchWidth = true;
matchWidthLocally = true;
}
final int margin = lp.leftMargin + lp.rightMargin;
final int measuredWidth = child.getMeasuredWidth() + margin;
maxWidth = Math.max(maxWidth, measuredWidth);
childState = combineMeasuredStates(childState, child.getMeasuredState());
allFillParent = allFillParent && lp.width == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT;
if (lp.weight > 0) {
/*
* Widths of weighted Views are bogus if we end up
* remeasuring, so keep them separate.
*/
weightedMaxWidth = Math.max(weightedMaxWidth,
matchWidthLocally ? margin : measuredWidth);
} else {
alternativeMaxWidth = Math.max(alternativeMaxWidth,
matchWidthLocally ? margin : measuredWidth);
}
i += getChildrenSkipCount(child, i);
}
if (mTotalLength > 0 && hasDividerBeforeChildAt(count)) {
mTotalLength += mDividerHeight;
}
if (useLargestChild &&
(heightMode == MeasureSpec.AT_MOST || heightMode == MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED)) {
mTotalLength = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
final View child = getVirtualChildAt(i);
if (child == null) {
mTotalLength += measureNullChild(i);
continue;
}
if (child.getVisibility() == GONE) {
i += getChildrenSkipCount(child, i);
continue;
}
final LinearLayout.LayoutParams lp = (LinearLayout.LayoutParams)
child.getLayoutParams();
// Account for negative margins
final int totalLength = mTotalLength;
mTotalLength = Math.max(totalLength, totalLength + largestChildHeight +
lp.topMargin + lp.bottomMargin + getNextLocationOffset(child));
}
}
// Add in our padding
mTotalLength += mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom;
int heightSize = mTotalLength;
// Check against our minimum height
heightSize = Math.max(heightSize, getSuggestedMinimumHeight());
// Reconcile our calculated size with the heightMeasureSpec
int heightSizeAndState = resolveSizeAndState(heightSize, heightMeasureSpec, 0);
heightSize = heightSizeAndState & MEASURED_SIZE_MASK;
// Either expand children with weight to take up available space or
// shrink them if they extend beyond our current bounds. If we skipped
// measurement on any children, we need to measure them now.
int delta = heightSize - mTotalLength;
if (skippedMeasure || delta != 0 && totalWeight > 0.0f) {
float weightSum = mWeightSum > 0.0f ? mWeightSum : totalWeight;
mTotalLength = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
final View child = getVirtualChildAt(i);
if (child.getVisibility() == View.GONE) {
continue;
}
LinearLayout.LayoutParams lp = (LinearLayout.LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();
float childExtra = lp.weight;
if (childExtra > 0) {
// Child said it could absorb extra space -- give him his share
int share = (int) (childExtra * delta / weightSum);
weightSum -= childExtra;
delta -= share;
final int childWidthMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(widthMeasureSpec,
mPaddingLeft + mPaddingRight +
lp.leftMargin + lp.rightMargin, lp.width);
// TODO: Use a field like lp.isMeasured to figure out if this
// child has been previously measured
if ((lp.height != 0) || (heightMode != MeasureSpec.EXACTLY)) {
// child was measured once already above...
// base new measurement on stored values
int childHeight = child.getMeasuredHeight() + share;
if (childHeight < 0) {
childHeight = 0;
}
child.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec,
MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(childHeight, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY));
} else {
// child was skipped in the loop above.
// Measure for this first time here
child.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec,
MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(share > 0 ? share : 0,
MeasureSpec.EXACTLY));
}
// Child may now not fit in vertical dimension.
childState = combineMeasuredStates(childState, child.getMeasuredState()
& (MEASURED_STATE_MASK>>MEASURED_HEIGHT_STATE_SHIFT));
}
final int margin = lp.leftMargin + lp.rightMargin;
final int measuredWidth = child.getMeasuredWidth() + margin;
maxWidth = Math.max(maxWidth, measuredWidth);
boolean matchWidthLocally = widthMode != MeasureSpec.EXACTLY &&
lp.width == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT;
alternativeMaxWidth = Math.max(alternativeMaxWidth,
matchWidthLocally ? margin : measuredWidth);
allFillParent = allFillParent && lp.width == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT;
final int totalLength = mTotalLength;
mTotalLength = Math.max(totalLength, totalLength + child.getMeasuredHeight() +
lp.topMargin + lp.bottomMargin + getNextLocationOffset(child));
}
// Add in our padding
mTotalLength += mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom;
// TODO: Should we recompute the heightSpec based on the new total length?
} else {
alternativeMaxWidth = Math.max(alternativeMaxWidth,
weightedMaxWidth);
// We have no limit, so make all weighted views as tall as the largest child.
// Children will have already been measured once.
if (useLargestChild && heightMode != MeasureSpec.EXACTLY) {
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
final View child = getVirtualChildAt(i);
if (child == null || child.getVisibility() == View.GONE) {
continue;
}
final LinearLayout.LayoutParams lp =
(LinearLayout.LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();
float childExtra = lp.weight;
if (childExtra > 0) {
child.measure(
MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(child.getMeasuredWidth(),
MeasureSpec.EXACTLY),
MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(largestChildHeight,
MeasureSpec.EXACTLY));
}
}
}
}
if (!allFillParent && widthMode != MeasureSpec.EXACTLY) {
maxWidth = alternativeMaxWidth;
}
maxWidth += mPaddingLeft + mPaddingRight;
// Check against our minimum width
maxWidth = Math.max(maxWidth, getSuggestedMinimumWidth());
setMeasuredDimension(resolveSizeAndState(maxWidth, widthMeasureSpec, childState),
heightSizeAndState);
if (matchWidth) {
forceUniformWidth(count, heightMeasureSpec);
}
}
LinearLayout#onLayout
@Override
protected void onLayout(boolean changed, int l, int t, int r, int b) {
if (mOrientation == VERTICAL) {
layoutVertical(l, t, r, b);
} else {
layoutHorizontal(l, t, r, b);
}
}
LinearLayout#layoutVertical
/**
* Position the children during a layout pass if the orientation of this
* LinearLayout is set to {@link #VERTICAL}.
*/
void layoutVertical(int left, int top, int right, int bottom) {
final int paddingLeft = mPaddingLeft;
int childTop;
int childLeft;
// Where right end of child should go
final int width = right - left;
int childRight = width - mPaddingRight;
// Space available for child
int childSpace = width - paddingLeft - mPaddingRight;
final int count = getVirtualChildCount();
final int majorGravity = mGravity & Gravity.VERTICAL_GRAVITY_MASK;
final int minorGravity = mGravity & Gravity.RELATIVE_HORIZONTAL_GRAVITY_MASK;
switch (majorGravity) {
case Gravity.BOTTOM:
// mTotalLength contains the padding already
childTop = mPaddingTop + bottom - top - mTotalLength;
break;
// mTotalLength contains the padding already
case Gravity.CENTER_VERTICAL:
childTop = mPaddingTop + (bottom - top - mTotalLength) / 2;
break;
case Gravity.TOP:
default:
childTop = mPaddingTop;
break;
}
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
final View child = getVirtualChildAt(i);
if (child == null) {
childTop += measureNullChild(i);
} else if (child.getVisibility() != GONE) {
final int childWidth = child.getMeasuredWidth();
final int childHeight = child.getMeasuredHeight();
final LinearLayout.LayoutParams lp =
(LinearLayout.LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();
int gravity = lp.gravity;
if (gravity < 0) {
gravity = minorGravity;
}
final int layoutDirection = getLayoutDirection();
final int absoluteGravity = Gravity.getAbsoluteGravity(gravity, layoutDirection);
switch (absoluteGravity & Gravity.HORIZONTAL_GRAVITY_MASK) {
case Gravity.CENTER_HORIZONTAL:
childLeft = paddingLeft + ((childSpace - childWidth) / 2)
+ lp.leftMargin - lp.rightMargin;
break;
case Gravity.RIGHT:
childLeft = childRight - childWidth - lp.rightMargin;
break;
case Gravity.LEFT:
default:
childLeft = paddingLeft + lp.leftMargin;
break;
}
if (hasDividerBeforeChildAt(i)) {
childTop += mDividerHeight;
}
childTop += lp.topMargin;
setChildFrame(child, childLeft, childTop + getLocationOffset(child),
childWidth, childHeight);
childTop += childHeight + lp.bottomMargin + getNextLocationOffset(child);
i += getChildrenSkipCount(child, i);
}
}
}
LinearLayout#onDraw
@Override
protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
if (mDivider == null) {
return;
}
if (mOrientation == VERTICAL) {
drawDividersVertical(canvas);
} else {
drawDividersHorizontal(canvas);
}
}
LinearLayout#drawDividersVertical
void drawDividersVertical(Canvas canvas) {
final int count = getVirtualChildCount();
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
final View child = getVirtualChildAt(i);
if (child != null && child.getVisibility() != GONE) {
if (hasDividerBeforeChildAt(i)) {
final LayoutParams lp = (LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();
final int top = child.getTop() - lp.topMargin - mDividerHeight;
drawHorizontalDivider(canvas, top);
}
}
}
if (hasDividerBeforeChildAt(count)) {
final View child = getLastNonGoneChild();
int bottom = 0;
if (child == null) {
bottom = getHeight() - getPaddingBottom() - mDividerHeight;
} else {
final LayoutParams lp = (LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();
bottom = child.getBottom() + lp.bottomMargin;
}
drawHorizontalDivider(canvas, bottom);
}
}
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