linux系统编程之文件与I/O（四）：文件的属性

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-30 11:20:59 发布

s1mba

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-30 11:20:59 发布

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分类专栏： linux环境系统编程文章标签：文件与IO

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jnu_simba/article/details/8921110

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一、读取文件元数据

int stat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);
int fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf);
int lstat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);

stat() stats the file pointed to by path and fills in buf.

lstat() is identical to stat(), except that if path is a symbolic link, then the link itself is stat-ed, not the file that it refers to.

fstat() is identical to stat(), except that the file to be stat-ed is specified by the file descriptor fd.

二、stat结构体

struct stat {
dev_t st_dev; /* ID of device containing file */
ino_t st_ino; /* inode number */
mode_t st_mode; /* protection */
nlink_t st_nlink; /* number of hard links */ 硬链接是不可以跨越文件系统的
uid_t st_uid; /* user ID of owner */
gid_t st_gid; /* group ID of owner */
dev_t st_rdev; /* device ID (if special file) */
off_t st_size; /* total size, in bytes */
blksize_t st_blksize; /* blocksize for file system I/O */
blkcnt_t st_blocks; /* number of 512B blocks allocated */
time_t st_atime; /* time of last access */ read
time_t st_mtime; /* time of last modification */ write
time_t st_ctime; /* time of last status change */ chmod/chown
};

示例程序：

    C++ Code  
 

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/*************************************************************************
    > File Name: file_stat.c
    > Author: Simba
    > Mail: dameng34@163.com
    > Created Time: Sat 23 Feb 2013 02:34:02 PM CST
************************************************************************/
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<string.h>

#define ERR_EXIT(m) \
     do { \
        perror(m); \
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
    } while( 0)

#define MAJOR(a) ( int)(( unsigned short)a >> 8)   // 高8位，主设备号
#define MINOR(a) ( int)(( unsigned short)a & 0xFF)

int filetype( struct stat *buf)
{
     int flag = 0;
    printf( "Filetype:");
    mode_t mode;
    mode = buf->st_mode;
     switch (mode & S_IFMT)
    {

     case S_IFSOCK:
        printf( "socket\n");
         break;
     case S_IFLNK:
        printf( "symbolic link\n");
         break;
     case S_IFREG:
        printf( "regular file\n");
         break;
     case S_IFBLK:
        printf( "block device\n");
        flag = 1;
         break;
     case S_IFDIR:
        printf( "directory\n");
         break;
     case S_IFCHR:
        printf( "character device\n");
        flag = 1;
         break;
     case S_IFIFO:
        printf( "FIFO\n");
         break;
     default:
        printf( "unknown file type\n");
         break;
    }

     return flag;
}

void fileperm( struct stat *buf, char perm[])
{
    strcpy(perm, "----------");
    perm[ 0] = '?';
    mode_t mode;
    mode = buf->st_mode;
     switch (mode & S_IFMT)
    {

     case S_IFSOCK:
        perm[ 0] = 's';
         break;
     case S_IFLNK:
        perm[ 0] = 'l';
         break;
     case S_IFREG:
        perm[ 0] = '-';
         break;
     case S_IFBLK:
        perm[ 0] = 'b';
         break;
     case S_IFDIR:
        perm[ 0] = 'd';
         break;
     case S_IFCHR:
        perm[ 0] = 'c';
         break;
     case S_IFIFO:
        perm[ 0] = 'p';
         break;
    }

     if (mode & S_IRUSR)
        perm[ 1] = 'r';
     if (mode & S_IWUSR)
        perm[ 2] = 'w';
     if (mode & S_IXUSR)
        perm[ 3] = 'x';
     if (mode & S_IRGRP)
        perm[ 4] = 'r';
     if (mode & S_IWGRP)
        perm[ 5] = 'w';
     if (mode & S_IXGRP)
        perm[ 6] = 'x';
     if (mode & S_IROTH)
        perm[ 7] = 'r';
     if (mode & S_IWOTH)
        perm[ 8] = 'w';
     if (mode & S_IXOTH)
        perm[ 9] = 'x';
    perm[ 10] = '\0';
}

int main( int argc, char *argv[])
{
     if (argc != 2)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage %s file\n", argv[ 0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    printf( "Filename:%s\n", argv[ 1]);
     struct stat sbuf;
     if (lstat(argv[ 1], &sbuf) == - 1)
        ERR_EXIT( "stat error");

    printf( "file in Dev number:major %d, minor %d\n",
           MAJOR(sbuf.st_dev), MINOR(sbuf.st_dev));
    printf( "File inode:%d\n", ( int) sbuf.st_ino);

     if (filetype(&sbuf))
    {
        printf( "Device number:major %d, minor %d\n",
               MAJOR(sbuf.st_rdev), MINOR(sbuf.st_rdev));
    }

     char perm[ 11] = { 0};
    fileperm(&sbuf, perm);
    printf( "File permission bits=%o %s\n", sbuf.st_mode & 0777, perm); // 0777 是八进制数

     return 0;
}

测试如下：

simba@ubuntu:~/Documents/code/linux_programming/APUE/File_IO$ ./file_stat Makefile
Filename:Makefile
file in Dev number:major 8, minor 1
File inode:660022
Filetype:regular file
File permission bits=664 -rw-rw-r--

因为是普通文件，故从st_dev字段看设备号，而不是st_rdev. 主设备号表示设备驱动程序，而次设备号表示特定的子设备。比如在同一个磁盘上面不同的文件系统，设备驱动程序相当，但是次设备号不同。

st_rdev只有字符特殊文件和块特殊文件才有这个值，表示实际设备的设备编号。

The st_dev value for every filename on a system is the device number of the file system containing that filename and its corresponding

i-node.

Only character special files and block special files have an st_rdev value. This value contains the device number for the actual device.

      C++ Code  
   

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#include "apue.h"
#ifdef SOLARIS
#include <sys/mkdev.h>
#endif

int main( int argc, char *argv[])
{

     int i;
     struct stat buf;

     for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
    {
        printf( "%s: ", argv[i]);
         if (stat(argv[i], &buf) < 0)
        {
            err_ret( "stat error");
             continue;
        }

        printf( "dev = %d/%d", major(buf.st_dev), minor(buf.st_dev));
         if (S_ISCHR(buf.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(buf.st_mode))
        {
            printf( " (%s) rdev = %d/%d",
                   (S_ISCHR(buf.st_mode)) ? "character" : "block",
                   major(buf.st_rdev), minor(buf.st_rdev));

        }
        printf( "\n");
    }

    exit( 0);

}

     $ ./a.out / /home/sar /dev/tty[01]
      /: dev = 3/3
      /home/sar: dev = 3/4
      /dev/tty0: dev = 0/7 (character) rdev = 4/0
      /dev/tty1: dev = 0/7 (character) rdev = 4/1
      $ mount                      which directories are mounted on which devices?
      /dev/hda3 on / type ext2 (rw,noatime)
      /dev/hda4 on /home type ext2 (rw,noatime)
      $ ls -lL /dev/tty[01] /dev/hda[34]
      brw-------  1 root       3,   3 Dec 31  1969 /dev/hda3
      brw-------  1 root       3,   4 Dec 31  1969 /dev/hda4
      crw-------  1 root       4,   0 Dec 31  1969 /dev/tty0
      crw-------  1 root       4,   1 Jan 18 15:36 /dev/tty1

Note that the filenames and i-nodes for the two terminal devices ( st_dev ) are on device 0/7 the devfs pseudo file system, which implements the /dev but that their actual device numbers are 4/0 and 4/1.

参考：《APUE》

http://infohost.nmt.edu/~eweiss/222_book/222_book/0201433079/ch04lev1sec23.html