【每天1分钟】PYTHON基础之文件对象（文件操作）

1.读取文件

1.一般语法

f=open(r'c:\a.txt','r',encoding=’utf-8’)
f.read()       # 从头到尾全部打印
f.readlines()  # 按行读，输出成列表
f.readline()   # 从光标开始读一行
f.close()      # 文件操作完成一定要关闭

2.使用with 读取整个文件

.read()

with open(r'c:\a.txt','r',encoding=’utf-8’) as file_object:
    contents = file_object.read()

2.使用with 逐行读取
for

with open(r'c:\a.txt','r',encoding=’utf-8’) as file_object:
    for line in file_object:

3.包含"文件各行内容"的列表

.readlines()

with open(r'c:\a.txt','r',encoding=’utf-8’) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()

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2.写入文件

.write()

with open(r'c:\a.txt','w',encoding=’utf-8’) as file_object:
    file_object.write('. . .')
    file_object.writelines(['. . . \n', '. . . \n', '. . . \n'])  # 添加 \n 换行

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3.文件打开模式

打开文件时，需要指定文件路径和以何等方式打开文件，打开后，即可获取该文件句柄，日后通过此文件句柄对该文件操作。

打开文件的模式有：

• r ，只读模式【默认模式，文件必须存在，不存在则抛出异常】
• w，只写模式【不可读；不存在则创建；存在则清空内容】
• x， 只写模式【不可读；不存在则创建，存在则报错】
• a， 追加模式【可读； 不存在则创建；存在则只追加内容】

“+” 表示可以同时读写某个文件

• r+， 读写【可读，可写】
• w+，写读【可读，可写】
• x+ ，写读【可读，可写】
• a+， 写读【可读，可写】

"b"表示以字节的方式操作

• rb 或 r+b
• wb 或 w+b
• xb 或 w+b
• ab 或 a+b

注：以b方式打开时，读取到的内容是字节类型，写入时也需要提供字节类型，不能指定编码

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4.内建方法

>>> f = open('test','a')
>>> dir(f)
['_CHUNK_SIZE', '__class__', '__del__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__enter__', '__eq__', '__exit__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getstate__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__next__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '_checkClosed', '_checkReadable', '_checkSeekable', '_checkWritable', '_finalizing', 'buffer', 'close', 'closed', 'detach', 'encoding', 'errors', 'fileno', 'flush', 'isatty', 'line_buffering', 'mode', 'name', 'newlines', 'read', 'readable', 'readline', 'readlines', 'seek', 'seekable', 'tell', 'truncate', 'writable', 'write', 'writelines']
>>> help(f.seek)          # seek是移动文件指针
Help on built-in function seek:

seek(cookie, whence=0, /) method of _io.TextIOWrapper instance
    Change stream position.
    
    Change the stream position to the given byte offset. The offset is
    interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.  Values
    for whence are:
    
    * 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive # 从文件开头算起
    * 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative                  # 从当前位置算起
    * 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative                        # 从文件末尾算起
    
    Return the new absolute position.

>>> help(f.tell)                 # 返回当前文件指针位置
Help on built-in function tell:

tell() method of _io.TextIOWrapper instance
    Return current stream position.

>>> help(f.close)               # 关闭文件
Help on built-in function close:

close() method of _io.TextIOWrapper instance
    Flush and close the IO object.
    
    This method has no effect if the file is already closed.

>>> help(f.flush)             # 把内部缓存区数据立刻写入文件
Help on built-in function flush:

flush() method of _io.TextIOWrapper instance
    Flush write buffers, if applicable.
    
    This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.

>>> help(f.truncate)         #用于截断文件并返回截断的字节长度。指定长度的话，就从文件的开头开始截断指定长度，其余内容删除；不指定长度的话，就从文件开头开始截断到当前位置，其余内容删除。
Help on built-in function truncate:

truncate(pos=None, /) method of _io.TextIOWrapper instance
    Truncate file to size bytes.
    
    File pointer is left unchanged.  Size defaults to the current IO
    position as reported by tell().  Returns the new size.

>>> 

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5.分隔符