[菜鸟每天来段CUDA_C]多GPU的使用

单个GPU具有强大的并行计算的能力，当把多个GPU同时用来执行同一个任务的时候，计算的性能将会得到更大的提升。本文在两块GPU上实现大数据量的向量点积运算。主要步骤为：

1.      获得设备数量；

2.      任务分配；

3.      为每个任务创建一个线程；

4.      启动每个线程进行运算；

5.      合并每个GPU得到的结果。

程序代码：

主程序：main.cpp

#include "main.h"
#include <stdio.h>

extern "C" void runDotProduct(float *dev_a, float *dev_b, float *dev_partial_c, int size);

void* worker(void *pvoidData)
{
	GPUPlan *plan = (GPUPlan*) pvoidData;
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaSetDevice(plan->deviceID));

	int size = plan->size;
	float *a, *b, c, *partial_c;
	float *dev_a, *dev_b, *dev_partial_c;

	a = plan->a;
	b = plan->b;
	partial_c = (float*)malloc(blockPerGrid*sizeof(float));

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_a, size*sizeof(float)));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_b, size*sizeof(float)));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_partial_c, blockPerGrid*sizeof(float)));

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMemcpy(dev_a, a, size*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMemcpy(dev_b, b, size*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));

	runDotProduct(dev_a, dev_b, dev_partial_c, size);

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMemcpy(partial_c, dev_partial_c, blockPerGrid*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));

	c = 0;
	for (int i=0; i<blockPerGrid; i++)
	{
		c += partial_c[i];
	}

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaFree(dev_a));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaFree(dev_b));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaFree(dev_partial_c));

	free(partial_c);
	plan->returnValue = c;
	return 0;
}



int main()
{
	//on two GPUs
	int i;
	int deviceCount;
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaGetDeviceCount(&deviceCount));

	if (deviceCount < 2)
	{
		printf("No more than 2 device with compute 1.0 or greater."
			"only %d devices found", deviceCount);
		return 0;
	}

	float *a = (float*)malloc(sizeof(float)*N);
	HANDLE_NULL(a);
	float *b = (float*)malloc(sizeof(float)*N);
	HANDLE_NULL(b);

	for (i=0; i<N; i++)
	{
		a[i] = i;
		b[i] = i * 2;
	}

	GPUPlan plan[2];
	plan[0].deviceID = 0;
	plan[0].size = N/2;
	plan[0].a = a;
	plan[0].b = b;

	plan[1].deviceID = 1;
	plan[1].size = N/2;
	plan[1].a = a + N/2;
	plan[1].b = b + N/2;

	cudaEvent_t start, stop;
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventCreate(&start));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventCreate(&stop));
	float elapsedTime;

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventRecord(start));
	
	CUTThread mythread1 = start_thread((CUT_THREADROUTINE)worker, &plan[0]);
	CUTThread mythread2 = start_thread((CUT_THREADROUTINE)worker, &plan[1]);
	//worker(&plan[1]);

	end_thread(mythread1);
	end_thread(mythread2);

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventRecord(stop));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventSynchronize(stop));

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsedTime, start, stop));
		printf("Computing by 2 GPUs finished in %3.1f <ms>\n", elapsedTime);

	printf("value calculated: %f\n", plan[0].returnValue + plan[1].returnValue);

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventDestroy(start));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventDestroy(stop));
	free(a);
	free(b);

	// on one GPU
	float *host_a;
	float *host_b;
	float *partial_c;
	host_a = (float*)malloc(N*sizeof(float));
	host_b = (float*)malloc(N*sizeof(float));
	partial_c = (float*)malloc(blockPerGrid*sizeof(float));

	for (int i=0; i<N; i++)
	{
		host_a[i] = i;
		host_b[i] = 2 * i;
	}

	float *dev_a, *dev_b, *dev_partial_c;

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_a, N*sizeof(float)));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_b, N*sizeof(float)));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_partial_c, blockPerGrid*sizeof(float)));

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMemcpy(dev_a, host_a, N*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMemcpy(dev_b, host_b, N*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));

	cudaEvent_t start1, stop1;
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventCreate(&start1));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventCreate(&stop1));

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventRecord(start1));
	runDotProduct(dev_a, dev_b, dev_partial_c, N);
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventRecord(stop1));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventSynchronize(stop1));

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsedTime, start1, stop1));
	printf("Computing by one GPU finished in %3.1f <ms>\n", elapsedTime);

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaMemcpy(partial_c, dev_partial_c, blockPerGrid*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));

	float res = 0;
	for (int i=0; i<blockPerGrid; i++)
	{
		res += partial_c[i];
	}

	printf("value calculated: %f\n", res);

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventDestroy(start1));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaEventDestroy(stop1));

	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaFree(dev_a));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaFree(dev_b));
	HANDLE_ERROR(cudaFree(dev_partial_c));

	free(host_a);
	free(host_b);
	free(partial_c);

	return 0;
}

核函数：kernel.cu

#define imin(a,b) (a<b?a:b)
extern const int N = 33 * 1024 * 1024;
extern const int threadsPerBlock = 256;
extern const int blockPerGrid = imin(32, (N+threadsPerBlock-1)/threadsPerBlock);

__global__ void dotProduct(float *a, float *b, float *c, int N)
{
	__shared__ float cache[threadsPerBlock];
	int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
	int cacheIdx = threadIdx.x;

	float temp = 0;
	while (tid < N)
	{
		temp += a[tid] * b[tid];
		tid += blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
	}
	cache[cacheIdx] = temp;

	__syncthreads();

	int i = blockDim.x /2;
	while (i != 0)
	{
		if (cacheIdx < i)
		{
			cache[cacheIdx] += cache[cacheIdx+i];
		}
		__syncthreads();
		i /= 2;
	}

	if (cacheIdx == 0)
	{
		c[blockIdx.x] = cache[0];
	}

}

extern "C" void runDotProduct(float *dev_a, float *dev_b, float *dev_partial_c, int size)
{
	dotProduct<<<blockPerGrid, threadsPerBlock>>>(dev_a, dev_b, dev_partial_c, size);
}

本文试图将同样的数据在单个GPU上计算，比较计算时间来突出多GPU在计算性能上的提升。但实际情况是多GPU的计算时间却比单GPU更长。初步考虑是觉得核函数太简单，使得GPU执行的性能提升不足以弥补设备分配以及线程调度等带来的开销。所以多GPU也许更适合在大量复杂计算的场景下使用~