普遍缓存技术
数据缓存:这里所说的数据缓存是指数据库查询缓存,每次访问页面的时候,都会先检测相应的缓存数据是否存在,如果不存在,就连接数据库,得到数据,并把查询结果序列化后保存到文件中,以后同样的查询结果就直接从缓存表或文件中获得。
用的最广的例子看Discuz的搜索功能,把结果ID缓存到一个表中,下次搜索相同关键字时先搜索缓存表。
举个常用的方法,多表关联的时候,把附表中的内容生成数组保存到主表的一个字段中,需要的时候数组分解一下,这样的好处是只读一个表,坏处就是两个数据同步会多不少步骤,数据库永远是瓶颈,用硬盘换速度,是这个的关键点。
页面缓存:
每次访问页面的时候,都会先检测相应的缓存页面文件是否存在,如果不存在,就连接数据库,得到数据,显示页面并同时生成缓存页面文件,这样下次访问的时候页面文件就发挥作用了。(模板引擎和网上常见的一些缓存类通常有此功能)
时间触发缓存:
检查文件是否存在并且时间戳小于设置的过期时间,如果文件修改的时间戳比当前时间戳减去过期时间戳大,那么就用缓存,否则更新缓存。
内容触发缓存:
当插入数据或更新数据时,强制更新缓存。
静态缓存:
这里所说的静态缓存是指静态化,直接生成HTML或XML等文本文件,有更新的时候重生成一次,适合于不太变化的页面,这就不说了。
以上内容是代码级的解决方案,我直接CP别的框架,也懒得改,内容都差不多,很容易就做到,而且会几种方式一起用,但下面的内容是服务器端的缓存方案,非代码级的,要有多方的合作才能做到
内存缓存:
Memcached是高性能的,分布式的内存对象缓存系统,用于在动态应用中减少数据库负载,提升访问速度。
这里说下Memcached的例子:
<?php $memcache = new Memcache; $memcache->connect('localhost', 11211) or die ("Could not connect"); $version = $memcache->getVersion(); echo "Server's version: ".$version."\n"; $tmp_object = new stdClass; $tmp_object->str_attr = 'test'; $tmp_object->int_attr = 123; $memcache->set('key', $tmp_object, false, 10) or die ("Failed to save data at the server"); echo "Store data in the cache (data will expire in 10 seconds)\n"; $get_result = $memcache->get('key'); echo "Data from the cache:\n"; var_dump($get_result); ?>
<?php $sql = 'SELECT * FROM users'; $key = md5($sql); //memcached 对象标识符 if ( !($datas = $mc->get($key)) ) { // 在 memcached 中未获取到缓存数据,则使用数据库查询获取记录集。 echo "n".str_pad('Read datas from MySQL.', 60, '_')."n"; $conn = mysql_connect('localhost', 'test', 'test'); mysql_select_db('test'); $result = mysql_query($sql); while ($row = mysql_fetch_object($result)) $datas[] = $row; // 将数据库中获取到的结果集数据保存到 memcached 中,以供下次访问时使用。 $mc->add($key, $datas); } else { echo "n".str_pad('Read datas from memcached.', 60, '_')."n"; } var_dump($datas); ?>
php的缓冲器:
有eaccelerator, apc, phpa,xcache,这个这个就不说了吧,搜索一堆一堆的,自己看啦,知道有这玩意就OK
MYSQL缓存:
这也算非代码级的,经典的数据库就是用的这种方式,看下面的运行时间,0.09xxx之类的
我贴段根据蓝色那家伙修改后部分my.ini吧,2G的MYISAM表可以在0.05S左右,据说他前后改了有快一年
[client] …… default-character-set=gbk default-storage-engine=MYISAM max_connections=600 max_connect_errors=500 back_log=200 interactive_timeout=7200 query_cache_size=64M …… table_cache=512 …… myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size=100G myisam_sort_buffer_size=128M key_buffer_size=1024M read_buffer_size=512M …… thread_concurrency=8
基于反向代理的Web缓存:
如Nginx,SQUID,mod_proxy(apache2以上又分为mod_proxy和mod_cache)
NGINX的例子
<nginx.conf> #user nobody; worker_processes 4; error_log logs/error.log crit; pid logs/nginx.pid; worker_rlimit_nofile 10240; events { use epoll; worker_connections 51200; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; tcp_nodelay on; # server pool upstream bspfrontsvr { server 10.10.10.224:80 weight=1; server 10.10.10.221:80 weight=1; } upstream bspimgsvr { server 10.10.10.201:80 weight=1; } upstream bspstylesvr { server 10.10.10.202:80 weight=1; } upstream bsphelpsvr { server 10.10.10.204:80 weight=1; } upstream bspwsisvr { server 10.10.10.203:80 weight=1; } upstream bspadminsvr { server 10.10.10.222:80 weight=1; } upstream bspbuyersvr { server 10.10.10.223:80 weight=1; } upstream bspsellersvr { server 10.10.10.225:80 weight=1; } upstream bsploginsvr { server 10.10.10.220:443 weight=1; } upstream bspregistersvr { server 10.10.10.220:80 weight=1; } log_format test_com '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" '; #-------------------------------------------------------------------- #img.test.com server { listen 10.10.10.230:80; server_name img.test.com; location / { proxy_pass http://bspimgsvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/img.log test_com; } #style.test.com server { listen 10.10.10.230:80; server_name style.test.com; location / { proxy_pass http://bspstylesvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/style.log test_com; } #help.test.com server { listen 10.10.10.230:80; server_name help.test.com; location / { proxy_pass http://bsphelpsvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/help.log test_com; } #admin.test.com server { listen 10.10.10.230:80; server_name admin.test.com; location / { proxy_pass http://bspadminsvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/admin.log test_com; } #buyer.test.com server { listen 10.10.10.230:80; server_name buyer.test.com; location / { proxy_pass http://bspbuyersvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/buyer.log test_com; } #seller.test.com server { listen 10.10.10.230:80; server_name seller.test.com; location / { proxy_pass http://bspsellersvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/seller.log test_com; } #wsi.test.com server { listen 10.10.10.230:80; server_name wsi.test.com; location / { proxy_pass http://bspwsisvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/wsi.log test_com; } #www.test.com server { listen 10.10.10.230:80; server_name www.test.com *.test.com; location ~ ^/NginxStatus/ { stub_status on; access_log off; } location / { proxy_pass http://bspfrontsvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/www.log test_com; error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } #login.test.com server { listen 10.10.10.230:443; server_name login.test.com; ssl on; ssl_certificate cert.pem; ssl_certificate_key cert.key; ssl_session_timeout 5m; ssl_protocols SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1; ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; location / { proxy_pass https://bsploginsvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/login.log test_com; } #login.test.com for register server { listen 10.10.10.230:80; server_name login.test.com; location / { proxy_pass http://bspregistersvr; include proxy_setting.conf; } access_log logs/register.log test_com; } } <conf/proxy_setting.conf> proxy_redirect off; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; client_max_body_size 10m; client_body_buffer_size 128k; proxy_connect_timeout 90; proxy_send_timeout 90; proxy_read_timeout 90; proxy_buffer_size 4k; proxy_buffers 4 32k; proxy_busy_buffers_size 64k; proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k;
mod_proxy的例子:
<VirtualHost *> ServerName www.zxsv.com ServerAdmin admin@zxsv.com # reverse proxy setting ProxyPass / http://www.zxsv.com:8080/ ProxyPassReverse / http://www.zxsv.com:8080/ # cache dir root CacheRoot "/var/www/proxy" # max cache storage CacheSize 50000000 # hour: every 4 hour CacheGcInterval 4 # max page expire time: hour CacheMaxExpire 240 # Expire time = (now - last_modified) * CacheLastModifiedFactor CacheLastModifiedFactor 0.1 # defalt expire tag: hour CacheDefaultExpire 1 # force complete after precent of content retrived: 60-90% CacheForceCompletion 80 CustomLog /usr/local/apache/logs/dev_access_log combined </VirtualHost>
而SQUID的例子 ,这方面网上有写的太多,大家自己搜索一下
DNS轮询:
BIND是一款开放源码的DNS服务器软件,这个要说起来就大了,自己搜索去,大家知道有这个东西就行了。
我知道的有chinacache等大站就是这样做的,说简单点就是多服务器啦,把同一个页面或文件缓存到不同的服务器上,按南北自动解析到相关的服务器中。