Introduction of IoT(5): Computer networks

computer network

a group of interconnected computers. It allows computers to communicate with each other and to share resources and information.

Communication Model consists of :

• Source
• Transmitter （data -> transmittable signals）
• Transmission System (Carries data)
• Receiver (received signal -> data)
• Destination (takes incoming data)

Communication types(三类)

Unicasting (one-to-one)
Multicasting (one-to-many)
Broadcasting (one-to-all)

Network Classification（按照大小）

PAN < LAN < MAN < WAN

• PAN (personal area network)
  The interconnection of devices within the range of an individual person.
• LAN (local area network)
  privately-owned networks covering a small geographic area.
  Advantages：LANs are restricted in size, which means that the worst-case transmission time is bounded.
• MAN (metropolitan area network)
  covers a larger geographical area than LAN, ranging from several blocks of building to entire cities.
• WAN (wide area network)
  computer networks that covers a large geographical area, often a country or continent.

Network Classification 2:By Topology/physical connectivity

按照拓扑分类（物理连接）
BUS, STAR, RING, MESH, TREE
其优势和劣势无非是从：增（安装）删（某一部分挂掉对整体的影响）查（troubleshooting）、缆线长度、花费价格、容错率来说。
SMBRT (smart)

• BUS
  consists of a main run cable and all nodes which are connected to the linear cable.

Advantages：容易把⼀个电脑连上去，消耗的电线也少（easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus; require less cable length）

Disadvantages：整个网络会崩溃如果总线有⼀个地方出错( Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable)
- 很难找到问题出在哪儿 (Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down)
- 不适合在大型建筑里应用(not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building)

• STAR
  each node connected directly to a central network hub, switch or concentrator. The hub controls all functions of the network.
  Advantages：

  • 容易安装(easy to install and wire )
  • 如果加减设备不会对网络有干扰（no disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices)
  • 容易发现错误(Easy to detect faults)

  Disadvantages:

  • 需要更多的缆线 Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
  • 中心挂了，就全挂了。If the hub fails, nodes attached are disabled.
  • 中心使得星型结构更贵。More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the hubs.

• Ring
  Each computer is connected to the next computer. and the last computer is connected to the first computer. The messages flow around the ring in one direction.
  Advantages:

  • provides an orderly network in which every device has access to the token and can transmit.
  • performs well under a heavy load.

  Disadvantages:

  • Failure of one computer can effect the whole network.
  • Difficult to troubleshoot.
  • Adding or removing a device effect the whole network.

• MESH
  Uses separate cable to connect each device to every other device.
  Advantages:

  • Enhance for error tolerance.
  • Easy to troubleshoot.

  Disadvantages:

  • Difficult to install and maintain.
  • Expensive.

• Tree
  Advantages:

  • Point-to-point wiring.
  • Supported by several hardware and software venders.

  Disadvantages:

  • If backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
  • More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

Internetwork

An internetwork is the connection of two or more distinct computer networks or network segments via a common routing technology.

分类：
intranet : under the control of a single administrative entity
extranet : has limited connections to the networks of one or more other.
internet: worldwide interconnection, based upon the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite.

2 ways of data transmission

Packet switching: data sent through net in discrete “chrunks” (connection-oriented)
Circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net (connectionless)（需要预约）
Packet switching is great for bursty data.
Packets can experience delays.
Excessive congestion leads to packet delay and loss. 拥挤

Concept and key features of computer network protocol

A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a network.
Key features:
Set of rules or conventions to exchange blocks of formatted data.
Syntax: data format.
Semantics: control information.
Timing: speed matching, sequencing
Actions: what happens when an event occurs

PDU(protocol data unit) in different layers

bit: physical layer
frame: data link layer
packet: network, transport layer
segment: session, presentation, application layer

Network devices

repeater 中继器
connects network segments logically to one network.
hub 集线器
Multiport repeater
bridge 网桥
Datalink level connection of 2 networks.
switch 交换机
Multiport bridge
router 路由器
Connects networks that are compatible in transport level
Gateway 网关、代理服务器
Router between 2 individual networks.

Internet protocol stacks

application: ftp, smtp, http, dns
transport: tcp, udp
network: Ip, routing protocols
data link: ppp, ethernet
physical: bits “on the wire”