参考《Professional Android 4 Development》
Fragment简介
Fragment是我们可以将Activity分成不同的组成部分,这些组成部分拥有自己的生命周期和UI。它的最大用途在于适配不同的屏幕。
创建Fragment
Fragment和Activity有很多相似之处,例如可以不带UI,但这样做对两者似乎都没什么意义。他们的创建方式也很相似,例如下面的代码:
package test.fragments;
import android.app.Fragment;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
public class MySkeletonFragment extends Fragment {
@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater,
ViewGroup container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Create, or inflate the Fragment’s UI, and return it.
// If this Fragment has no UI then return null.
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.my_fragment, container, false);
}
}
Fragment生命周期
Fragment的生命周期和它的宿主Activity密切相关,几乎和宿主Activity的生命周期一致,他们之间最大的不同在于Activity可以增加或删除Fragment。下图总结了Fragment的生命周期:
Fragment特有的生命周期事件
- Attach and detach Fragment from the parent Activity
- Creating and destroying Fragment
- Creating and Destroying UI
获取Fragment Manager
每个Activity对象都内置了一个FragmentManager对象,使用getFragmentManager()即可获得:
FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
添加Fragment到Activity中
在Activity中添加Fragment的最简单方法是使用layout配置文件,例如:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<fragment android:name="com.paad.weatherstation.MyListFragment"
android:id="@+id/my_list_fragment"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="1"
/>
<fragment android:name="com.paad.weatherstation.DetailsFragment"
android:id="@+id/details_fragment"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="3"
/>
</LinearLayout>
调用inflate方法生成Fragment的界面后,Fragment实际上是一个类似ViewGroup的角色,在Activity中管理自己的UI。
上面那种将Fragment添加到Activity的方法缺乏灵活性,不能实现动态地添加和删除,更好的方式是使用FragmentTranaction和类似下面这样的配置文件:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<FrameLayout
android:id="@+id/ui_container"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="1"
/>
<FrameLayout
android:id="@+id/details_container"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="3"
/>
</LinearLayout>
使用FragmentTransaction
FragmentTransaction可以在运行时添加,删除或替换Fragment,从而实现UI的动态变化。Fragment Transaction由Fragment Manager的beginTransaction()方法创建,然后可以进行Fragment的添加,删除和替换,最后通过commit()方法提交修改。
FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
// Add, remove, and/or replace Fragments.
// Specify animations.
// Add to back stack if required.
fragmentTransaction.commit();
添加,删除和替换Fragment
使用FragmentTransaction的add方法可以添加一个新的Fragment,add()方法的主要参数是Fragment的容器View(或其ID)及Fragment实例,例如:
FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.ui_container, new MyListFragment());
fragmentTransaction.commit();
删除Fragment需要FragmentTransaction的remove()方法,参数为Fragment对象,Fragment对象可以通过FragmentManager的findFragmentById()方法获得。
FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
Fragment fragment = fragmentManager.findFragmentById(R.id.details_fragment);
fragmentTransaction.remove(fragment);
fragmentTransaction.commit();
替换Fragment使用的是FragmentTransaction的replace()方法,参数分别为所要替代Fragment所在容器的ID和新的Fragment:
FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
fragmentTransaction.replace(R.id.details_fragment, new DetailFragment(selected_index));
fragmentTransaction.commit();
获取指定的Fragment
有两种方法可以获取某个特定的Fragment,如果这个Fragment已经被添加到某个layout文件中,则可以使用xml文件中的id作为参数:
MyFragment myFragment = (MyFragment)fragmentManager.findFragmentById(R.id.MyFragment);
也可以通过创建Fragment时添加的tag获取特定的Fragment:
MyFragment myFragment = (MyFragment)fragmentManager.findFragmentByTag(MY_FRAGMENT_TAG);
删除Fragment容器
在配置文件中将visibility的属性设为"gone",即可删除某个Fragment,例如:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<FrameLayout
android:id="@+id/ui_container"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="1"
/>
<FrameLayout
android:id="@+id/details_container"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_weight="3"
android:visibility="gone"
/>
</LinearLayout>
Fragment和Back Stack
Activity拥有Activity Stack,从而在用户按”返回”按钮时,回到前一个Activity。Fragment也可以响应”返回”事件,方法是FragmentTransaction在commit之前调用addToBackStack()方法。这样,在用户按返回键后,Android会首先重现之前的UI布局。
FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.ui_container, new MyListFragment());
Fragment fragment = fragmentManager.findFragmentById(R.id.details_fragment);
fragmentTransaction.remove(fragment);
String tag = null;
fragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(tag);
fragmentTransaction.commit();
原理和Activity类似,调用addToBackStack()后,Fragment会被push到back stack中,而不是销毁。
Fragment Transaction的动画效果
Fragment Transaction有两种方法实现动画效果,分别是:
- 设置渐进:
- 设置动画效果:
fragmentTransaction.setCustomAnimations(R.animator.slide_in_left, R.animator.slide_out_right);
Fragment和宿主Activity之间的接口
Fragment可以通过getActivity()方法获得宿主Activity对象:
TextView textView = (TextView)getActivity().findViewById(R.id.textview);
另一种常见的Fragment和Activity之间的交互方式是使用回调函数:
public interface OnSeasonSelectedListener {
public void onSeasonSelected(Season season);
}
private OnSeasonSelectedListener onSeasonSelectedListener;
private Season currentSeason;
@Override
public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
super.onAttach(activity);
try {
onSeasonSelectedListener = (OnSeasonSelectedListener)activity;
} catch (ClassCastException e) {
throw new ClassCastException(activity.toString() +"must implement OnSeasonSelectedListener");
}
}
private void setSeason(Season season) {
currentSeason = season;
onSeasonSelectedListener.onSeasonSelected(season);
}
没有UI的Fragment
尽管不常见,但Fragment的确是可以没有UI的,好处也许是拥有了更灵活的生命周期控制。没有UI的Fragment生命周期事件有这些:public class NewItemFragment extends Fragment {
@Override
public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
super.onAttach(activity);
// Get a type-safe reference to the parent Activity.
}
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
// Create background worker threads and tasks.
}
@Override
public void onActivityCreated(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState);
// Initiate worker threads and tasks.
}
}
常用的Fragment类
- DiagFragment
- ListFragment
- webViewFragment