You have a code fragment that can be grouped together.
02Turn the fragment into a method whose name explains the purpose of the method.
03void printOwing(double amount) {
printBanner();
//print details
System.out.println ("name:" + _name);
System.out.println ("amount" + amount);
}
void printOwing(double amount) {
printBanner();
printDetails(amount);
}
void printDetails (double amount) {
System.out.println ("name:" + _name);
System.out.println ("amount" + amount);
}Motivation
05Extract Method is one of the most common refactorings I do. I look at a method that is too long or look at code that needs a comment to understand its purpose. I then turn that fragment of code into its own method.
06I prefer short, well-named methods for several reasons. First, it increases the chances that other methods can use a method when the method is finely grained. Second, it allows the higher-level methods to read more like a series of comments. Overriding also is easier when the methods are finely grained.
07It does take a little getting used to if you are used to seeing larger methods. And small methods really work only when you have good names, so you need to pay attention to naming. People sometimes ask me what length I look for in a method. To me length is not the issue. The key is the semantic distance between the method name and the method body. If extracting improves clarity, do it, even if the name is longer than the code you have extracted.
Mechanics
08-
Create a new method, and name it after the intention of the method (name it by what it does, not by how it does it).
If the code you want to extract is very simple, such as a single message or function call, you should extract it if the name of the new method will reveal the intention of the code in a better way. If you can’t come up with a more meaningful name, don’t extract the code. -
Copy the extracted code from the source method into the new target method.
-
Scan the extracted code for references to any variables that are local in scope to the source method. These are local variables and parameters to the method.
-
See whether any temporary variables are used only within this extracted code. If so, declare them in the target method as temporary variables.
-
Look to see whether any of these local-scope variables are modified by the extracted code. If one variable is modified, see whether you can treat the extracted code as a query and assign the result to the variable concerned. If this is awkward, or if there is more than one such variable, you can’t extract the method as it stands. You may need to useSplit Temporary Variable and try again. You can eliminate temporary variables with Replace Temp with Query (see the discussion in the examples).
-
Pass into the target method as parameters local-scope variables that are read from the extracted code.
-
Compile when you have dealt with all the locally-scoped variables.
-
Replace the extracted code in the source method with a call to the target method.
If you have moved any temporary variables over to the target method, look to see whether they were declared outside of the extracted code. If so, you can now remove the declaration. -
Compile and test.
Example: No Local Variables
09In the simplest case, Extract Method is trivially easy. Take the following method:
10void printOwing() {
Enumeration e = _orders.elements();
double outstanding = 0.0;
// print banner
System.out.println ("**************************");
System.out.println ("***** Customer Owes ******");
System.out.println ("**************************");
// calculate outstanding
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
Order each = (Order) e.nextElement();
outstanding += each.getAmount();
}
//print details
System.out.println ("name:" + _name);
System.out.println ("amount" + outstanding);
}It is easy to extract the code that prints the banner. I just cut, paste, and put in a call:
12void printOwing() {
Enumeration e = _orders.elements();
double outstanding = 0.0;
printBanner();
// calculate outstanding
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
Order each = (Order) e.nextElement();
outstanding += each.getAmount();
}
//print details
System.out.println ("name:" + _name);
System.out.println ("amount" + outstanding);
}
void printBanner() {
// print banner
System.out.println ("**************************");
System.out.println ("***** Customer Owes ******");
System.out.println ("**************************");
}Example: Using Local Variables
13So what’s the problem? The problem is local variables: parameters passed into the original method and temporaries declared within the original method. Local variables are only in scope in that method, so when I use Extract Method, these variables cause me extra work. In some cases they even prevent me from doing the refactoring at all.
14The easiest case with local variables is when the variables are read but not changed. In this case I can just pass them in as a parameter. So if I have the following method:
15void printOwing() {
Enumeration e = _orders.elements();
double outstanding = 0.0;
printBanner();
// calculate outstanding
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
Order each = (Order) e.nextElement();
outstanding += each.getAmount();
}
//print details
System.out.println ("name:" + _name);
System.out.println ("amount" + outstanding);
}I can extract the printing of details with a method with one parameter:
17void printOwing() {
Enumeration e = _orders.elements();
double outstanding = 0.0;
printBanner();
// calculate outstanding
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
Order each = (Order) e.nextElement();
outstanding += each.getAmount();
}
printDetails(outstanding);
}
void printDetails (double outstanding) {
System.out.println ("name:" + _name);
System.out.println ("amount" + outstanding);
}You can use this with as many local variables as you need.
19The same is true if the local variable is an object and you invoke a modifying method on the variable. Again you can just pass the object in as a parameter. You only have to do something different if you actually assign to the local variable.
Example: Reassigning a Local Variable
20It’s the assignment to local variables that becomes complicated. In this case we’re only talking about temps. If you see an assignment to a parameter, you should immediately use Remove Assignments to Parameters.
21For temps that are assigned to, there are two cases. The simpler case is that in which the variable is a temporary variable used only within the extracted code. When that happens, you can move the temp into the extracted code. The other case is use of the variable outside the code. If the variable is not used after the code is extracted, you can make the change in just the extracted code. If it is used afterward, you need to make the extracted code return the changed value of the variable. I can illustrate this with the following method:
22void printOwing() {
Enumeration e = _orders.elements();
double outstanding = 0.0;
printBanner();
// calculate outstanding
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
Order each = (Order) e.nextElement();
outstanding += each.getAmount();
}
printDetails(outstanding);
}Now I extract the calculation:
24void printOwing() {
printBanner();
double outstanding = getOutstanding();
printDetails(outstanding);
}
double getOutstanding() {
Enumeration e = _orders.elements();
double outstanding = 0.0;
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
Order each = (Order) e.nextElement();
outstanding += each.getAmount();
}
return outstanding;
}The enumeration variable is used only in the extracted code, so I can move it entirely within the new method. The oustanding variable is used in both places, so I need to rerun it from the extracted method. Once I’ve compiled and tested for the extraction, I rename the returned value to follow my usual convention:
26double getOutstanding() {
Enumeration e = _orders.elements();
double result = 0.0;
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
Order each = (Order) e.nextElement();
result = each.getAmount();
}
return result;
}In this case the outstanding variable is initialized only to an obvious initial value, so I can initialize it only within the extracted method. If something more involved happens to the variable, I have to pass in the previous value as a parameter. The initial code for this variation might look like this:
28void printOwing(double previousAmount) {
Enumeration e = _orders.elements();
double outstanding = previousAmount * 1.2;
printBanner();
// calculate outstanding
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
Order each = (Order) e.nextElement();
outstanding += each.getAmount();
}
printDetails(outstanding);
}In this case the extraction would look like this:
30void printOwing(double previousAmount) {
double outstanding = previousAmount * 1.2;
printBanner();
outstanding = getOutstanding(outstanding);
printDetails(outstanding);
}
double getOutstanding(double initialValue) {
double result = initialValue;
Enumeration e = _orders.elements();
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
Order each = (Order) e.nextElement();
result += each.getAmount();
}
return result;
}After I compile and test this, I clear up the way the outstanding variable is initialized:
32void printOwing(double previousAmount) {
printBanner();
double outstanding = getOutstanding(previousAmount * 1.2);
printDetails(outstanding);
}At this point you may be wondering, “What happens if more than one variable needs to be returned?”
34Here you have several options. The best option usually is to pick different code to extract. I prefer a method to return one value, so I would try to arrange for multiple methods for the different values. (If your language allows output parameters, you can use those. I prefer to use single return values as much as possible.)
35Temporary variables often are so plentiful that they make extraction very awkward. In these cases I try to reduce the temps by using Replace Temp with Query. If whatever I do things are still awkward, I resort to Replace Method with Method Object. This refactoring doesn’t care how many temporaries you have or what you do with them.
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