本次作业主要还是考察分数计算。在竞赛中分数计算,肯定不会强行通分计算,因为这样计算量太大了,完全无法解决。
核心还是耐心观察分数,找出规律,然后开始破题。
- 假设 S 2000 = 1 2 + 2 4 + 3 8 + 4 16 + ⋯ + 2000 2 2000 S_{2000}=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{4}+\frac{3}{8}+\frac{4}{16}+\cdots+\frac{2000}{2^{2000}} S2000=21+42+83+164+⋯+220002000,试比较 S 2000 S_{2000} S2000 和 2 2 2 的大小。
解:通过观察,
S
2000
S_{2000}
S2000 最大的数据为
1
2
\frac{1}{2}
21。只要将
S
2000
S_{2000}
S2000 乘以
2
2
2,这样就可以得到:
2
×
S
2000
=
1
+
1
2
+
2
4
+
3
8
+
4
16
+
⋯
+
+
2000
2
1999
2 \times S_{2000}=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{4}+\frac{3}{8}+\frac{4}{16}+\cdots++\frac{2000}{2^{1999}}
2×S2000=1+21+42+83+164+⋯++219992000
S
2000
=
2
S
2000
−
S
2000
=
(
1
+
1
2
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2
4
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3
8
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4
16
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⋯
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2000
2
1999
)
−
(
1
2
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2
4
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3
8
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4
16
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⋯
+
+
2000
2
2000
)
=
1
−
2000
2
2000
<
2
S_{2000}=2S_{2000}-S_{2000}\\=(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{4}+\frac{3}{8}+\frac{4}{16}+\cdots++\frac{2000}{2^{1999}})-(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{4}+\frac{3}{8}+\frac{4}{16}+\cdots++\frac{2000}{2^{2000}})\\=1-\frac{2000}{2^{2000}} < 2
S2000=2S2000−S2000=(1+21+42+83+164+⋯++219992000)−(21+42+83+164+⋯++220002000)=1−220002000<2
故
S
2000
<
2
S_{2000}<2
S2000<2
- 计算: ( 1 4 + 1 4 ) × ( 3 4 + 1 4 ) × ( ( 5 4 + 1 4 ) × ⋯ × ( ( 1 9 4 + 1 4 ) ( 2 4 + 1 4 ) × ( 4 4 + 1 4 ) × ( ( 6 4 + 1 4 ) × ⋯ × ( ( 2 0 4 + 1 4 ) \frac{(1^4+\frac{1}{4})\times(3^4+\frac{1}{4})\times((5^4+\frac{1}{4})\times \cdots \times((19^4+\frac{1}{4})}{(2^4+\frac{1}{4})\times(4^4+\frac{1}{4})\times((6^4+\frac{1}{4})\times \cdots \times((20^4+\frac{1}{4})} (24+41)×(44+41)×((64+41)×⋯×((204+41)(14+41)×(34+41)×((54+41)×⋯×((194+41)
解:由于原式比较复杂,肯定不能通过直接通分计算。通过观察分子和分母,每个项可以表示为
x
4
+
1
4
=
(
x
2
)
2
+
(
1
2
)
2
x^4+\frac{1}{4}=(x^2)^2+(\frac{1}{2})^2
x4+41=(x2)2+(21)2。这是不全的完全平方项,只有
(
a
+
b
)
2
(a+b)^2
(a+b)2 中的
a
2
a^2
a2 和
b
2
b^2
b2,缺少了
2
a
b
2ab
2ab,我们可以通过补项,使其成为一个完全平方公式。
x
4
+
1
4
=
(
x
2
)
2
+
2
x
2
1
2
+
(
1
2
)
2
−
2
x
2
1
2
=
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x
2
)
2
+
x
2
+
(
1
2
)
2
−
x
2
=
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x
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+
1
2
)
2
−
x
2
x^4+\frac{1}{4}=(x^2)^2+2x^2\frac{1}{2}+(\frac{1}{2})^2-2x^2\frac{1}{2}\\ =(x^2)^2+x^2+(\frac{1}{2})^2-x^2\\=(x^2+\frac{1}{2})^2-x^2
x4+41=(x2)2+2x221+(21)2−2x221=(x2)2+x2+(21)2−x2=(x2+21)2−x2
这样,该式又变成了一个平方差公式。
(
x
2
+
1
2
)
2
−
x
2
=
(
x
2
+
1
2
+
x
)
(
x
2
+
1
2
−
x
)
(x^2+\frac{1}{2})^2-x^2=(x^2+\frac{1}{2}+x)(x^2+\frac{1}{2}-x)
(x2+21)2−x2=(x2+21+x)(x2+21−x)
即
x
4
+
1
4
=
(
x
2
+
1
2
+
x
)
(
x
2
+
1
2
−
x
)
x^4+\frac{1}{4}=(x^2+\frac{1}{2}+x)(x^2+\frac{1}{2}-x)
x4+41=(x2+21+x)(x2+21−x)
这样,
1
4
+
1
4
=
(
1
2
+
1
2
+
1
)
(
1
2
+
1
2
−
1
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=
(
2
+
1
2
)
(
0
+
1
2
)
1^4+\frac{1}{4}=(1^2+\frac{1}{2}+1)(1^2+\frac{1}{2}-1)=(2+\frac{1}{2})(0+\frac{1}{2})
14+41=(12+21+1)(12+21−1)=(2+21)(0+21)
2
4
+
1
4
=
(
2
2
+
1
2
+
2
)
(
2
2
+
1
2
−
2
)
=
(
2
+
1
2
)
(
6
+
1
2
)
2^4+\frac{1}{4}=(2^2+\frac{1}{2}+2)(2^2+\frac{1}{2}-2)=(2+\frac{1}{2})(6+\frac{1}{2})
24+41=(22+21+2)(22+21−2)=(2+21)(6+21)
3
4
+
1
4
=
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3
2
+
1
2
+
3
)
(
3
2
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1
2
−
3
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=
(
6
+
1
2
)
(
12
+
1
2
)
3^4+\frac{1}{4}=(3^2+\frac{1}{2}+3)(3^2+\frac{1}{2}-3)=(6+\frac{1}{2})(12+\frac{1}{2})
34+41=(32+21+3)(32+21−3)=(6+21)(12+21)
4
4
+
1
4
=
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4
2
+
1
2
+
4
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(
4
2
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1
2
−
4
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=
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12
+
1
2
)
(
20
+
1
2
)
4^4+\frac{1}{4}=(4^2+\frac{1}{2}+4)(4^2+\frac{1}{2}-4)=(12+\frac{1}{2})(20+\frac{1}{2})
44+41=(42+21+4)(42+21−4)=(12+21)(20+21)
5
4
+
1
4
=
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5
2
+
1
2
+
5
)
(
5
2
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1
2
−
5
)
=
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20
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1
2
)
(
30
+
1
2
)
5^4+\frac{1}{4}=(5^2+\frac{1}{2}+5)(5^2+\frac{1}{2}-5)=(20+\frac{1}{2})(30+\frac{1}{2})
54+41=(52+21+5)(52+21−5)=(20+21)(30+21)
6
4
+
1
4
=
(
6
2
+
1
2
+
6
)
(
6
2
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1
2
−
6
)
=
(
30
+
1
2
)
(
42
+
1
2
)
6^4+\frac{1}{4}=(6^2+\frac{1}{2}+6)(6^2+\frac{1}{2}-6)=(30+\frac{1}{2})(42+\frac{1}{2})
64+41=(62+21+6)(62+21−6)=(30+21)(42+21)
⋯
\cdots
⋯
1
9
4
+
1
4
=
(
1
9
2
+
1
2
+
19
)
(
1
9
2
+
1
2
−
19
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=
(
342
+
1
2
)
(
380
+
1
2
)
19^4+\frac{1}{4}=(19^2+\frac{1}{2}+19)(19^2+\frac{1}{2}-19)=(342+\frac{1}{2})(380+\frac{1}{2})
194+41=(192+21+19)(192+21−19)=(342+21)(380+21)
2
0
4
+
1
4
=
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2
0
2
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1
2
+
20
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(
2
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20
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=
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380
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1
2
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(
420
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1
2
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20^4+\frac{1}{4}=(20^2+\frac{1}{2}+20)(20^2+\frac{1}{2}-20)=(380+\frac{1}{2})(420+\frac{1}{2})
204+41=(202+21+20)(202+21−20)=(380+21)(420+21)
( 1 4 + 1 4 ) × ( 3 4 + 1 4 ) × ( ( 5 4 + 1 4 ) × ⋯ × ( ( 1 9 4 + 1 4 ) ( 2 4 + 1 4 ) × ( 4 4 + 1 4 ) × ( ( 6 4 + 1 4 ) × ⋯ × ( ( 2 0 4 + 1 4 ) = ( 0 + 1 2 ) ( 2 + 1 2 ) ( 2 + 1 2 ) ( 6 + 1 2 ) × ( 6 + 1 2 ) ( 12 + 1 2 ) ( 12 + 1 2 ) ( 20 + 1 2 ) × ⋯ × ( 342 + 1 2 ) ( 380 + 1 2 ) ( 380 + 1 2 ) ( 420 + 1 2 ) = ( 0 + 1 2 ) ( 420 + 1 2 ) = 0 + 1 840 + 1 = 1 841 \frac{(1^4+\frac{1}{4})\times(3^4+\frac{1}{4})\times((5^4+\frac{1}{4})\times \cdots \times((19^4+\frac{1}{4})}{(2^4+\frac{1}{4})\times(4^4+\frac{1}{4})\times((6^4+\frac{1}{4})\times \cdots \times((20^4+\frac{1}{4})}\\ =\frac{(0+\frac{1}{2})(2+\frac{1}{2})}{(2+\frac{1}{2})(6+\frac{1}{2})} \times \frac{(6+\frac{1}{2})(12+\frac{1}{2})}{(12+\frac{1}{2})(20+\frac{1}{2})} \times \cdots \times \frac{(342+\frac{1}{2})(380+\frac{1}{2})}{(380+\frac{1}{2})(420+\frac{1}{2})}\\=\frac{(0+\frac{1}{2})}{(420+\frac{1}{2})}\\=\frac{0+1}{840+1}\\=\frac{1}{841} (24+41)×(44+41)×((64+41)×⋯×((204+41)(14+41)×(34+41)×((54+41)×⋯×((194+41)=(2+21)(6+21)(0+21)(2+21)×(12+21)(20+21)(6+21)(12+21)×⋯×(380+21)(420+21)(342+21)(380+21)=(420+21)(0+21)=840+10+1=8411