数据库的增删改查，授权，表结构修改

浪里智

已于 2023-02-05 16:28:37 修改

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文章标签：数据仓库

于 2022-04-20 20:31:35 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/k2902314105/article/details/124298453

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1. 关系型数据库介绍

1.1 数据结构模型

转载于忘情公子的博客
链接
数据结构模型主要有：

层次模型
网状结构
关系模型

关系模型：
二维关系：row，column

数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS

1.2 RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统：

MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
Oracle
MSSQL

**SQL：**Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言

**约束：**constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
- 一个表只能存在一个
惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
- 一个表可以存在多个
外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
检查性约束

**索引：**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有：

数据库：database
表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
索引：index
视图：view
用户：user
权限：privilege
存储过程：procedure
存储函数：function
触发器：trigger
事件调度器：event scheduler

1.4 SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型：

DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

2. mysql安装与配置

2.1 mysql安装

mysql安装方式有三种：

源代码：编译安装
二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
程序包管理器管理的程序包：
- rpm：有两种
  - OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
  - 项目官方提供的
- deb

#配置mysql的yum源
wget -O /usr/src/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm \
http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
rpm -Uvh /usr/src/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm

#安装mysql5.7
yum -y install mysql-community-server mysql-community-client  \
mysql-community-common mysql-community-devel

2.2 mysql配置

#启动mysql并设置开机自动启动
systemctl enable --now mysqld
systemctl status mysqld

#确保3306端口已经监听起来
ss -antl

#在日志文件中找出临时密码
grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log

#使用获取到的临时密码登录mysql
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:     //此处输入密码，可以直接复制你的密码粘贴至此处，也可手动输入
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.23

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>          //看到有这样的标识符则表示成功登录了





//修改mysql登录密码
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'wangqing123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye



//为避免mysql自动升级，这里需要卸载最开始安装的yum源
rpm -e mysql57-community-release

3. mysql的程序组成

客户端
- mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
- mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
- mysqldump：mysql备份工具
- mysqladmin
服务器端
- mysqld

3.1 mysql工具使用

//语法：mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS：
    -uUSERNAME      //指定用户名，默认为root
    -hHOST          //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
    -pPASSWORD      //指定用户的密码
    -P#             //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
    -V              //查看当前使用的mysql版本
    -e          //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本
    

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -V
mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.23, for Linux (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper



[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pwangqing123! -h127.0.0.1
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

//注意，不推荐直接在命令行里直接用-pPASSWORD的方式登录，而是使用-p选项，然后交互式输入密码
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 


[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'
Enter password:
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wangqingge         |
+--------------------+

3.2 服务器监听的两种socket地址

socket类型	说明
ip socket	默认监听在tcp的3306端口，支持远程通信
unix sock	监听在sock文件上（/tmp/mysql.sock，/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock）仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是：localhost，127.0.0.1

4. mysql数据库操作

4.1 DDL操作

4.1.1 数据库操作

//创建数据库
//语法：CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//创建数据库wangqingge
mysql> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS wangqingge;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

//查看当前实例有哪些数据库
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wangqingge         |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//删除数据库
//语法：DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//删除数据库wangqingge
mysql> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS wangqingge;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.1.2 表操作

//创建表
//语法：CREATE TABLE table_name (col1 datatype 修饰符,col2 datatype 修饰符) ENGINE='存储引擎类型';
//在数据库wangqingge里创建表wangqing
mysql> CREATE DATABASE wangqingge;      //创建数据库wangqingge
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use wangqingge;      //进入wangqingge数据库
Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE wangqing (id int NOT NULL,name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,age tinyint);      //创建wangqing表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)


//查看当前数据库有哪些表
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+----------------------+
| Tables_in_wangqingge |
+----------------------+
| wangqing             |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


//删除表
//语法：DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] 'table_name';
//删除表wangqing
mysql> DROP TABLE wangqing;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

4.1.3 用户操作

mysql用户帐号由两部分组成，如’USERNAME’@‘HOST’，表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录

这里（‘USERNAME’@‘HOST’）的HOST用于限制此用户可通过哪些主机远程连接mysql程序，其值可为：

IP地址，如：172.16.12.129
通配符
- %：匹配任意长度的任意字符，常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
- _：匹配任意单个字符

//数据库用户创建
//语法：CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
//创建数据库用户wangqing
mysql> CREATE USER 'wangqing'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'wangqing123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//使用新创建的用户和密码登录
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uwangqing -pwangqing123! -h127.0.0.1
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

//删除数据库用户
//语法：DROP USER 'username'@'host'; 
mysql> DROP USER 'wangqing'@'127.0.0.1';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

4.1.4 查看命令SHOW

mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET;      //查看支持的所有字符集
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                     | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese        | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European               | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European               | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European                | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian           | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European            | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 | 
......
......



mysql> SHOW ENGINES;        //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine             | Support | Comment
                 | Transactions | XA   | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB             | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and
foreign keys     | YES          | YES  | YES        |
| MRG_MYISAM         | YES     | Collection of identical MyISAM tables
                 | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| MEMORY             | YES     | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables      | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| BLACKHOLE          | YES     | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| MyISAM             | YES     | MyISAM storage engine                                          | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| CSV                | YES     | CSV storage engine                                            | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| ARCHIVE            | YES     | Archive storage engine                                        | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES     | Performance Schema                                            | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| FEDERATED          | NO      | Federated MySQL storage engine                                | NULL         | NULL | NULL       |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)



mysql> SHOW DATABASES;          //查看数据库信息
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wangqingge         |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)



mysql> SHOW TABLES FROM wangqingge;         //不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表
+----------------------+
| Tables_in_wangqingge |
+----------------------+
| wangqing             |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)



//查看表结构
//语法：DESC [db_name.]table_name;
mysql> DESC wangqingge.wangqing;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)





//查看某表的创建命令
//语法：SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE wangqingge.wangqing;
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table    | Create Table                                                                                                                                              |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| wangqing | CREATE TABLE `wangqing` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `age` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)





//查看某表的状态
//语法：SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'table_name'\G
mysql> use wangqingge;      //进入数据库wangqingge
Database changed
mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'wangqing'\G      //查看wangqing表的状态，也可以加个百分号表示，任意个数字符匹配  'wangqing%'\G 
%：匹配任意长度的任意字符
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: wangqing
         Engine: InnoDB
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 0
 Avg_row_length: 0
    Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
   Index_length: 0
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: NULL
    Create_time: 2018-08-13 00:53:21
    Update_time: NULL
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options:
        Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.1.5 获取帮助

//获取命令使用帮助
//语法：HELP keyword;
mysql> HELP CREATE TABLE;       //获取创建表的帮助
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    (create_definition,...)
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    [(create_definition,...)]
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]
    [IGNORE | REPLACE]
    [AS] query_expression
 ......
 ......

4.2 DML操作

DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT)，均属针对表的操作。

4.2.1 INSERT语句

//DML操作之增操作insert
//语法：INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} (value1,...),(...),...

mysql> use wangqingge;
Database changed
mysql> INSERT INTO wangqing (id,name,age) VALUE (1,'tom',20);       //一次插入一条记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)


mysql> INSERT INTO wangqing (id,name,age) VALUES (2,'jerry',23),(3,'wangqing',25),(4,'sean',28),(5,'zhangshan',26),(6,'zhangshan',20),(7,'lisi',NULL);     //一次插入多条记录
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

4.2.2 SELECT语句

字段column表示法

表示符	代表什么？
*	所有字段
as	字段别名，如col1 AS alias1 当表名很长时用别名代替

条件判断语句WHERE

操作类型	常用操作符
操作符	>，<，>=，<=，=，!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE：模糊匹配 RLIKE：基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL：非空 IS NULL：空
条件逻辑操作	AND OR NOT //AND 同时满足条件 NOT 数值之间 OR

ORDER BY：排序，默认为升序（ASC）

ORDER BY语句	意义
ORDER BY ‘column_name’	根据column_name进行升序排序
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC	根据column_name进行降序排序
ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2	根据column_name进行升序排序并只取前2个结果
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2	根据column_name进行升序排序并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果

//DML操作之查操作select
//语法：SELECT column1,column2,... FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

mysql> use wangqingge;
Database changed
mysql> select * from wangqing;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT name FROM wangqing;
+-----------+
| name      |
+-----------+
| tom       |
| jerry     |
| wangqing  |
| sean      |
| zhangshan |
| zhangshan |
| lisi      |
+-----------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM wangqing ORDER BY age;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM wangqing ORDER BY age DESC;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM wangqing ORDER BY age limit 2;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi | NULL |
|  1 | tom  |   20 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM wangqing ORDER BY age limit 1,2;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> SELECT * FROM wangqing WHERE age >= 25;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM wangqing WHERE age >= 25 AND name = 'zhangshan';
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM wangqing WHERE age BETWEEN 23 and 28;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wangqing where age is not null;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wangqing where age is null;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi | NULL |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.3 update语句

//DML操作之改操作update
//语法：UPDATE table_name SET column1 = new_value1[,column2 = new_value2,...] [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

mysql> select * from wangqing;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update wangqing set age = 30 where name = 'lisi';     //找到30岁的修改名字为lisi
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from wangqing where name = 'lisi';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi |   30 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.4 delete语句

//DML操作之删操作delete
//语法：DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

mysql> select * from wangqing;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      |   30 |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from wangqing where id = 7;       //删除某条记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wangqing;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> delete from wangqing;        //删除整张表的内容
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wangqing;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc wangqing;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.5 truncate语句

truncate与delete的区别：

语句类型	特点
delete	DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据非常占用空间
truncate	删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据不能用于加入了索引视图的表

语句类型

特点

delete

DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据非常占用空间

truncate

删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据不能用于加入了索引视图的表

//语法：TRUNCATE table_name;

mysql> select * from wangqing;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> truncate wangqing;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from wangqing;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc wangqing;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.3 DCL操作

4.3.1 创建授权grant

权限类型(priv_type)

权限类型	代表什么？
ALL	所有权限
SELECT	读取内容的权限
INSERT	插入内容的权限
UPDATE	更新内容的权限
DELETE	删除内容的权限

指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name

表示方式	意义
.	所有库的所有表
db_name	指定库的所有表
db_name.table_name	指定库的指定表

WITH GRANT OPTION：被授权的用户可将自己的权限副本转赠给其他用户，说白点就是将自己的权限完全复制给另一个用户。不建议使用。

GRANT priv_type,... ON [object_type] db_name.table_name TO ‘username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'] [WITH GRANT OPTION];

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wangqingge         |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//授权wangqing用户在数据库本机上登录访问所有数据库
mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'wangqing'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'wangqing123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'wangqing'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'wangqing123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

//授权wangqing用户在172.16.12.129上远程登录访问wangqingge数据库
mysql> GRANT ALL ON wangqingge.* TO 'wangqing'@'172.16.12.129' IDENTIFIED BY 'wangqing123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

//授权wangqing用户在所有位置上远程登录访问wangqingge数据库
mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'wangqing'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'wangqing123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

4.3.2 查看授权

//查看当前登录用户的授权信息
mysql> SHOW GRANTS;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION        |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//查看指定用户wangqing的授权信息
mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR wangqing;
+-----------------------------------------------+
| Grants for wangqing@%                         |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'wangqing'@'%' |
+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR 'wangqing'@'localhost';
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for wangqing@localhost                         |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'wangqing'@'localhost' |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR 'wangqing'@'127.0.0.1';
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for wangqing@127.0.0.1                         |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'wangqing'@'127.0.0.1' |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.3.3 取消授权REVOKE

//语法：REVOKE priv_type,... ON db_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'host';

mysql> REVOKE ALL ON *.* FROM 'wangqing'@'172.16.12.129';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

注意：mysql服务进程启动时会读取mysql库中的所有授权表至内存中：

GRANT或REVOKE等执行权限操作会保存于表中，mysql的服务进程会自动重读授权表，并更新至内存中
对于不能够或不能及时重读授权表的命令，可手动让mysql的服务进程重读授权表

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

创建数据库时设置字符编码和修改表结构

使用 create database 数据库名 character set utf8; 创建数据库并设置数据库的字符编码。

直接创建的数据库，数据库的编码方式是 MySQL 默认的编码方式 latin1 (单字节编码) ，通常我们会在数据库中存放中文数据，所以最好把数据库的编码方式设置成 utf-8 ，这样中文才能正常显示。

create database MyDB_two character set utf8;

mysql> create database test character set utf8;      //创建
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)


mysql> show create database test;           //查看数据库和编码是否创建成功
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database                                               |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| test     | CREATE DATABASE `test` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */ |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use test;
Database changed
##创建表
mysql> create table qzl2(id int,name varchar(20),date date);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> desc qzl2;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| date  | date        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
##插入
mysql> insert into qzl2 (id,name,date) value (1,'瞿智利','1998-07-14');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
##查看表
mysql> select * from jjj;
+------+------+------+
| id   | name | date |
+------+------+------+
|    1 | 瞿   | NULL |
+------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from qzl2;
+------+-----------+------------+
| id   | name      | date       |
+------+-----------+------------+
|    1 | 瞿智利    | 1998-07-14  |
+------+-----------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
##查看表的创建命令
mysql> show create table qzl2
    -> ;
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                          |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| qzl2  | CREATE TABLE `qzl2` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `date` date DEFAULT NULL

##增加表选项
mysql> alter table qzl2 add Gender char(4);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0


mysql> desc qzl2;   //查看表机构，添加成功
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id     | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name   | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| date   | date        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| Gender | char(4)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into qzl2 (id,name,date,Gender) value (1,'瞿智利','1998-07-14','男');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from qzl2;
+------+-----------+------------+--------+
| id   | name      | date       | Gender |
+------+-----------+------------+--------+
|    1 | 瞿智利    | 1998-07-14 | NULL   |
|    1 | 瞿智利    | 1998-07-14 | 男     |
+------+-----------+------------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
##删除表选项
mysql> alter table qzl2 drop Gender;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc qzl2;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| date  | date        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

##更改表选项的数据类型
mysql> alter table qzl2 modify id int(11);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc qzl2;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| date  | date        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

##修改表选项的数据类型并且改名
使用 alter table 表名 change 原字段名 新字段名 数据类型; 修改表中现有字段的字段名和类型。
mysql> alter table qzl2 change name name111 char(18);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc qzl2;
+---------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name111 | char(18) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| date    | date     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql>

增删改查

//准备工作
mysql> create database test1;     /创建
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use test1;     //进入表
Database changed
mysql> create table test1(id int(11) primary key auto_increment, name varchar(100) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
//auto_increment     //自动增长
//primary key         //主键
mysql> desc test1;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

删除库

//语法：DROP DATABASE 
mysql> drop database qzl;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

删除表

语法：DROP table 
mysql> drop table i;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

创建库

mysql> create database jjj;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

查看当前库表

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| 登记员工       |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

如果想要进入另个数据库的表，进入数据库，不需要退出表在进入另一个库的表，直接use

实战案例

1.搭建mysql服务
2.创建一个以你名字为名的数据库，并创建一张表student，该表包含三个字段（id，name，age），表结构如下：

mysql> desc student;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

3.查看下该新建的表有无内容（用select语句）
4.往新建的student表中插入数据（用insert语句），结果应如下所示：

+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        | NULL |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+

5.修改lisi的年龄为50
6.以age字段降序排序
7.查询student表中年龄最小的3位同学跳过前2位
8.查询student表中年龄最大的4位同学
9.查询student表中名字叫zhangshan的记录
10.查询student表中名字叫zhangshan且年龄大于20岁的记录
11.查询student表中年龄在23到30之间的记录
12.修改wangwu的年龄为100
13.删除student中名字叫zhangshan且年龄小于等于20的记录

改别名

在这里插入图片描述

MySQL数据库修改表结构的方法：

添加字段

在这里插入图片描述

删除字段

在这里插入图片描述

修改字段名

在这里插入图片描述

查看授权

在这里插入图片描述

取消授权REVOKE

在这里插入图片描述

浪里智

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数据库的增删改查，授权，表结构修改

数据库表的授权表示要操作的对象创建表INSERT语句UPDATE语句SELECT语句DELETE语句改别名MySQL数据库修改表结构的方法：1、添加字段删除字段修改字段名DCL操作mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'qzl'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'Qzl123456!';Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> GRANT
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