python装饰器学习

装饰器

本文原网址https://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/python-func-decorators.html 增加部分笔记

装饰器(Decorators)是 Python 的一个重要部分。简单地说：他们是修改其他函数的功能的函数。他们有助于让我们的代码更简短

函数的定义

def hi(name="yasoob"):
    return"hi" + name


print(hi())

green = hi #将一个函数赋值给一个变量

print(green())

del hi #删除hi函数
print(green())

输出：
hiyasoob
hiyasoob
hiyasoob

知识点：
1、del 删除函数
2、函数可以赋给另一个函数

在函数中定义函数

def hi(name="yasoob"):
    print("now you are inside the hi() function")
 
    def greet():
        return "now you are in the greet() function"
 
    def welcome():
        return "now you are in the welcome() function"
 
    print(greet())
    print(welcome())
    print("now you are back in the hi() function")
 
hi()
#output:now you are inside the hi() function
#       now you are in the greet() function
#       now you are in the welcome() function
#       now you are back in the hi() function
 
# 上面展示了无论何时你调用hi(), greet()和welcome()将会同时被调用。
# 然后greet()和welcome()函数在hi()函数之外是不能访问的，比如：
 
greet()
#outputs: NameError: name 'greet' is not defined

在函数中返回函数

def hi(name="yasoob"):
    def greet():
        return "now you are in the greet() function"
 
    def welcome():
        return "now you are in the welcome() function"
 
    if name == "yasoob":
        return greet
    else:
        return welcome
 
a = hi()
print(a)
#outputs: <function greet at 0x7f2143c01500>
 
#上面清晰地展示了`a`现在指向到hi()函数中的greet()函数
#现在试试这个
 
print(a())
#outputs: now you are in the greet() function

知识点：
1、函数greet welcome，当你把一对小括号放在后面，这个函数就会执行；然而如果你不放括号在它后面，那它可以被到处传递，并且可以赋值给别的变量而不去执行它

2、a()=hi()()就会执行greet()

将函数作为参数传给另一个函数

def hi():
    return "hi yasoob!"
 
def doSomethingBeforeHi(func):
    print("I am doing some boring work before executing hi()")
    print(func())
 
doSomethingBeforeHi(hi)
#outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing hi()
#        hi yasoob!

知识点：
1、函数可以作为参数传给另一个参数

简单装饰器

def a_new_decorator(a_func):
 
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
 
        a_func()
 
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
 
    return wrapTheFunction
 
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")
 
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs: "I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell"
 
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)
#now a_function_requiring_decoration is wrapped by wrapTheFunction()
 
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#        I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
#        I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()

知识点：

@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    """Hey you! Decorate me!"""
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
          "remove my foul smell")

等价于

a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)

函数名的改变

print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__)
# Output: wrapTheFunction

知识点：
1、被装饰的函数名被装饰函数的内层函数名，替代了，warpTheFunction替代了。它重写了我们函数的名字和注释文档(docstring)。

2、使用functools.wraps来修改
@wrap接受一个函数来进行装饰，兵加入了复制函数名称、注释文档、参数列表等等的功能。这可以让我们在装饰器里面访问在装饰之前的函数的属性

from functools import wraps
 
def a_new_decorator(a_func):
    @wraps(a_func)
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
    return wrapTheFunction
 
@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    """Hey yo! Decorate me!"""
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
          "remove my foul smell")
 
print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__)
# Output: a_function_requiring_decoration

3、常用场景
授权：
装饰器能有助于检查某个人是否被授权去使用一个web的应用断点