代码随想录训练营【链表篇】

已于 2024-07-19 11:44:46 修改
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分类专栏： 数据结构与算法 文章标签： 链表 数据结构
于 2024-06-26 20:51:21 首次发布
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/kepler_k/article/details/139998238
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链表

注：本篇文章代码来源于代码随想录

链表的重点是设置虚拟头结点

1.移除链表元素 203

力扣203

C++

//时间复杂度: O(n) 空间复杂度: O(1)
class Solution {
public:
    ListNode* removeElements(ListNode* head, int val) {
        ListNode* dummyHead = new ListNode(0); // 设置一个虚拟头结点
        dummyHead->next = head; // 将虚拟头结点指向head，这样方便后面做删除操作
        ListNode* cur = dummyHead;
        while (cur->next != NULL) {
            if(cur->next->val == val) {
                ListNode* tmp = cur->next;
                cur->next = cur->next->next;
                delete tmp;
            } else {
                cur = cur->next;
            }
        }
        head = dummyHead->next;
        delete dummyHead;
        return head;
    }
};

Python

虽然 Python 没有这种指针，但它有对象引用的概念，这类似于指针。具体来说，Python 中的变量实际上是对象的引用，而不是实际对象本身。因此，操作引用就类似于操作指针。

# Definition for singly-linked list.
class ListNode:
    def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
        """
        每个节点对象都有一个 next 属性，这个属性引用了下一个节点对象。这种引用使得我们可以操作和链接节点，类似于指针操作。
        ListNode 类定义了一个链表节点，每个节点有一个值 val 和一个指向下一个节点的引用 next。
		next 的默认值是 None，表示链表的末尾
        """
        self.val = val
        self.next = next
        
class Solution:
    def removeElements(self, head: Optional[ListNode], val: int) -> Optional[ListNode]:
        """
        self 是指向实例对象的引用，方法中的标准参数，用于访问实例变量和方法。
        head: Optional[ListNode] 是一个类型注解，表示 head 参数应该是 ListNode 类型或 None。Optional 意味着 			head 可以是一个 ListNode 对象或 None。
        """
        # 创建虚拟头部节点以简化删除过程
        # val没有传入，使用默认值0.
        dummy_head = ListNode(next = head)
        
        # 当前指针从虚拟头节点开始
        current = dummy_head
        
        # 遍历链表，直到链表结束
        while current.next: 
            # 不为空
            # 如果下一个节点的值等于要删除的值
            if current.next.val == val:
                # 删除下一个节点，即跳过它
                current.next = current.next.next
            else:
                # 否则，移动当前指针到下一个节点
                current = current.next
                
        # 返回真实的头节点（即虚拟头节点的下一个节点）
        return dummy_head.next

2. 设计链表 707

力扣707

C++双指针法

class MyLinkedList {
public:
    // 定义链表节点结构体
    struct LinkedNode {
        int val;
        LinkedNode* next;
        LinkedNode(int val):val(val), next(nullptr){}
    };

    // 初始化链表
    MyLinkedList() {
        _dummyHead = new LinkedNode(0); // 这里定义的头结点 是一个虚拟头结点，而不是真正的链表头结点
        _size = 0;
    }

    // 获取到第index个节点数值，如果index是非法数值直接返回-1， 注意index是从0开始的，第0个节点就是头结点
    int get(int index) {
        if (index > (_size - 1) || index < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead->next;
        while(index--){ // 如果--index 就会陷入死循环
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        return cur->val;
    }

    // 在链表最前面插入一个节点，插入完成后，新插入的节点为链表的新的头结点
    void addAtHead(int val) {
        LinkedNode* newNode = new LinkedNode(val);
        newNode->next = _dummyHead->next;
        _dummyHead->next = newNode;
        _size++;
    }

    // 在链表最后面添加一个节点
    void addAtTail(int val) {
        LinkedNode* newNode = new LinkedNode(val);
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead;
        while(cur->next != nullptr){
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        cur->next = newNode;
        _size++;
    }

    // 在第index个节点之前插入一个新节点，例如index为0，那么新插入的节点为链表的新头节点。
    // 如果index 等于链表的长度，则说明是新插入的节点为链表的尾结点
    // 如果index大于链表的长度，则返回空
    // 如果index小于0，则在头部插入节点
    void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {

        if(index > _size) return;
        if(index < 0) index = 0;        
        LinkedNode* newNode = new LinkedNode(val);
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead;
        while(index--) {
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        newNode->next = cur->next;
        cur->next = newNode;
        _size++;
    }

    // 删除第index个节点，如果index 大于等于链表的长度，直接return，注意index是从0开始的
    void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if (index >= _size || index < 0) {
            return;
        }
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead;
        while(index--) {
            cur = cur ->next;
        }
        LinkedNode* tmp = cur->next;
        cur->next = cur->next->next;
        delete tmp;
        //delete命令指示释放了tmp指针原本所指的那部分内存，
        //被delete后的指针tmp的值（地址）并非就是NULL，而是随机值。也就是被delete后，
        //如果不再加上一句tmp=nullptr,tmp会成为乱指的野指针
        //如果之后的程序不小心使用了tmp，会指向难以预想的内存空间
        tmp=nullptr;
        _size--;
    }

    // 打印链表
    void printLinkedList() {
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead;
        while (cur->next != nullptr) {
            cout << cur->next->val << " ";
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
private:
    int _size;
    LinkedNode* _dummyHead;

};

Python

单链表法
class ListNode:
    def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
        self.val = val
        self.next = next
        
class MyLinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.dummy_head = ListNode()
        self.size = 0
        # 不明白为什么这里初始化大小为0

    def get(self, index: int) -> int:
        if index < 0 or index >= self.size:
            return -1
        
        current = self.dummy_head.next
        for i in range(index):
            current = current.next
            
        return current.val

    def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
        self.dummy_head.next = ListNode(val, self.dummy_head.next)
        self.size += 1

    def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
        current = self.dummy_head
        while current.next:
            current = current.next
        current.next = ListNode(val)
        self.size += 1

    def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
        if index < 0 or index > self.size:
            return
        
        current = self.dummy_head
        for i in range(index):
            current = current.next
        current.next = ListNode(val, current.next)
        self.size += 1

    def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
        if index < 0 or index >= self.size:
            return
        
        current = self.dummy_head
        for i in range(index):
            current = current.next
        current.next = current.next.next
        self.size -= 1


# Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
# obj = MyLinkedList()
# param_1 = obj.get(index)
# obj.addAtHead(val)
# obj.addAtTail(val)
# obj.addAtIndex(index,val)
# obj.deleteAtIndex(index)
双链表法
class ListNode:
    def __init__(self, val=0, prev=None, next=None):
        self.val = val
        self.prev = prev
        self.next = next

class MyLinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None
        self.tail = None
        self.size = 0

    def get(self, index: int) -> int:
        if index < 0 or index >= self.size:
            return -1
        
        if index < self.size // 2:
            current = self.head
            for i in range(index):
                current = current.next
        else:
            current = self.tail
            for i in range(self.size - index - 1):
                current = current.prev
                
        return current.val

    def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
        new_node = ListNode(val, None, self.head)
        if self.head:
            self.head.prev = new_node
        else:
            self.tail = new_node
        self.head = new_node
        self.size += 1

    def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
        new_node = ListNode(val, self.tail, None)
        if self.tail:
            self.tail.next = new_node
        else:
            self.head = new_node
        self.tail = new_node
        self.size += 1

    def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
        if index < 0 or index > self.size:
            return
        
        if index == 0:
            self.addAtHead(val)
        elif index == self.size:
            self.addAtTail(val)
        else:
            if index < self.size // 2:
                current = self.head
                for i in range(index - 1):
                    current = current.next
            else:
                current = self.tail
                for i in range(self.size - index):
                    current = current.prev
            new_node = ListNode(val, current, current.next)
            current.next.prev = new_node
            current.next = new_node
            self.size += 1

    def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
        if index < 0 or index >= self.size:
            return
        
        if index == 0:
            self.head = self.head.next
            if self.head:
                self.head.prev = None
            else:
                self.tail = None
        elif index == self.size - 1:
            self.tail = self.tail.prev
            if self.tail:
                self.tail.next = None
            else:
                self.head = None
        else:
            if index < self.size // 2:
                current = self.head
                for i in range(index):
                    current = current.next
            else:
                current = self.tail
                for i in range(self.size - index - 1):
                    current = current.prev
            current.prev.next = current.next
            current.next.prev = current.prev
        self.size -= 1



# Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
# obj = MyLinkedList()
# param_1 = obj.get(index)
# obj.addAtHead(val)
# obj.addAtTail(val)
# obj.addAtIndex(index,val)
# obj.deleteAtIndex(index)
#Go：

3.反转链表 206

力扣206

C++双指针法

class Solution {
public:
    ListNode* reverseList(ListNode* head) {
        ListNode* temp; // 保存cur的下一个节点
        ListNode* cur = head;
        ListNode* pre = NULL;
        while(cur) {
            temp = cur->next;  // 保存一下 cur的下一个节点，因为接下来要改变cur->next
            cur->next = pre; // 翻转操作
            // 更新pre 和 cur指针
            pre = cur;
            cur = temp;
        }
        return pre;
    }
};

递归法详见[代码随想录反转链表](代码随想录 (programmercarl.com))

Python

（版本一）双指针法
# Definition for singly-linked list.
# class ListNode:
#     def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
#         self.val = val
#         self.next = next
class Solution:
    def reverseList(self, head: ListNode) -> ListNode:
        cur = head   
        pre = None
        while cur:
            temp = cur.next # 保存一下 cur的下一个节点，因为接下来要改变cur->next
            cur.next = pre #反转
            #更新pre、cur指针
            pre = cur
            cur = temp
        return pre

递归法详见[代码随想录反转链表](代码随想录 (programmercarl.com))

4.两两交换链表中的节点 24

C++

Python

5.删除链表的倒数第N个节点

力扣19

C++

//时间复杂度: O(n)
//空间复杂度: O(1)
class Solution {
public:
    ListNode* removeNthFromEnd(ListNode* head, int n) {
        ListNode* dummyHead = new ListNode(0);
        dummyHead->next = head;
        ListNode* slow = dummyHead;
        ListNode* fast = dummyHead;
        while(n-- && fast != NULL) {
            fast = fast->next;
        }
        fast = fast->next; // fast再提前走一步，因为需要让slow指向删除节点的上一个节点
        while (fast != NULL) {
            fast = fast->next;
            slow = slow->next;
        }
        slow->next = slow->next->next; 
        
        // ListNode *tmp = slow->next;  C++释放内存的逻辑
        // slow->next = tmp->next;
        // delete tmp;
        
        return dummyHead->next;
    }
};

Python

# Definition for singly-linked list.
# class ListNode:
#     def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
#         self.val = val
#         self.next = next

class Solution:
    def removeNthFromEnd(self, head: ListNode, n: int) -> ListNode:
        # 创建一个虚拟节点，并将其下一个指针设置为链表的头部
        dummy_head = ListNode(0, head)
        
        # 创建两个指针，慢指针和快指针，并将它们初始化为虚拟节点
        slow = fast = dummy_head
        
        # 快指针比慢指针快 n+1 步
        for i in range(n+1):
            fast = fast.next
        
        # 移动两个指针，直到快速指针到达链表的末尾
        while fast:
            slow = slow.next
            fast = fast.next
        
        # 通过更新第 (n-1) 个节点的 next 指针删除第 n 个节点
        slow.next = slow.next.next
        
        return dummy_head.next

6.链表相交 面试题 02.07

力扣02.07

交点不是数值相等，而是指针相等

C++

class Solution {
public:
    ListNode *getIntersectionNode(ListNode *headA, ListNode *headB) {
        ListNode* curA = headA;
        ListNode* curB = headB;
        int lenA = 0, lenB = 0;
        while (curA != NULL) { // 求链表A的长度
            lenA++;
            curA = curA->next;
        }
        while (curB != NULL) { // 求链表B的长度
            lenB++;
            curB = curB->next;
        }
        curA = headA;
        curB = headB;
        // 让curA为最长链表的头，lenA为其长度
        if (lenB > lenA) {
            swap (lenA, lenB);
            swap (curA, curB);
        }
        // 求长度差
        int gap = lenA - lenB;
        // 让curA和curB在同一起点上（末尾位置对齐）
        while (gap--) {
            curA = curA->next;
        }
        // 遍历curA 和 curB，遇到相同则直接返回
        while (curA != NULL) {
            if (curA == curB) {
                return curA;
            }
            curA = curA->next;
            curB = curB->next;
        }
        return NULL;
    }
};

Python

版本一
class Solution:
    def getIntersectionNode(self, headA: ListNode, headB: ListNode) -> ListNode:
        lenA, lenB = 0, 0
        cur = headA
        while cur:         # 求链表A的长度
            cur = cur.next 
            lenA += 1
        cur = headB 
        while cur:         # 求链表B的长度
            cur = cur.next 
            lenB += 1
        curA, curB = headA, headB
        if lenA > lenB:     # 让curB为最长链表的头，lenB为其长度
            curA, curB = curB, curA
            lenA, lenB = lenB, lenA 
        for _ in range(lenB - lenA):  # 让curA和curB在同一起点上（末尾位置对齐）
            curB = curB.next 
        while curA:         #  遍历curA 和 curB，遇到相同则直接返回
            if curA == curB:
                return curA
            else:
                curA = curA.next 
                curB = curB.next
        return None
版本二
class Solution:
    def getIntersectionNode(self, headA: ListNode, headB: ListNode) -> ListNode:
        lenA = self.getLength(headA)
        lenB = self.getLength(headB)
        
        # 通过移动较长的链表，使两链表长度相等
        if lenA > lenB:
            headA = self.moveForward(headA, lenA - lenB)
        else:
            headB = self.moveForward(headB, lenB - lenA)
        
        # 将两个头向前移动，直到它们相交
        while headA and headB:
            if headA == headB:
                return headA
            headA = headA.next
            headB = headB.next
        
        return None
    
    def getLength(self, head: ListNode) -> int:
        length = 0
        while head:
            length += 1
            head = head.next
        return length
    
    def moveForward(self, head: ListNode, steps: int) -> ListNode:
        while steps > 0:
            head = head.next
            steps -= 1
        return head
版本三
class Solution:
    def getIntersectionNode(self, headA: ListNode, headB: ListNode) -> ListNode:
        dis = self.getLength(headA) - self.getLength(headB)
        
        # 通过移动较长的链表，使两链表长度相等
        if dis > 0:
            headA = self.moveForward(headA, dis)
        else:
            headB = self.moveForward(headB, abs(dis))
        
        # 将两个头向前移动，直到它们相交
        while headA and headB:
            if headA == headB:
                return headA
            headA = headA.next
            headB = headB.next
        
        return None
    
    def getLength(self, head: ListNode) -> int:
        length = 0
        while head:
            length += 1
            head = head.next
        return length
    
    def moveForward(self, head: ListNode, steps: int) -> ListNode:
        while steps > 0:
            head = head.next
            steps -= 1
        return head
版本四
class Solution:
    def getIntersectionNode(self, headA: ListNode, headB: ListNode) -> ListNode:
        # 处理边缘情况
        if not headA or not headB:
            return None
        
        # 在每个链表的头部初始化两个指针
        pointerA = headA
        pointerB = headB
        
        # 遍历两个链表直到指针相交
        while pointerA != pointerB:
            # 将指针向前移动一个节点
            pointerA = pointerA.next if pointerA else headB
            pointerB = pointerB.next if pointerB else headA
        
        # 如果相交，指针将位于交点节点，如果没有交点，值为None
        return pointerA

7.环形链表② 142

力扣142

C++

//时间复杂度: O(n)，快慢指针相遇前，指针走的次数小于链表长度，快慢指针相遇后，两个index指针走的次数也小于链表长度，总体为走的次数小于 2n
//空间复杂度: O(1)
/**
 * Definition for singly-linked list.
 * struct ListNode {
 *     int val;
 *     ListNode *next;
 *     ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(NULL) {}
 * };
 */
class Solution {
public:
    ListNode *detectCycle(ListNode *head) {
        ListNode* fast = head;
        ListNode* slow = head;
        while(fast != NULL && fast->next != NULL) {
            slow = slow->next;
            fast = fast->next->next;
            // 快慢指针相遇，此时从head 和 相遇点，同时查找直至相遇
            if (slow == fast) {
                ListNode* index1 = fast;
                ListNode* index2 = head;
                while (index1 != index2) {
                    index1 = index1->next;
                    index2 = index2->next;
                }
                return index2; // 返回环的入口
            }
        }
        return NULL;
    }
};

Python

快慢指针法
# Definition for singly-linked list.
# class ListNode:
#     def __init__(self, x):
#         self.val = x
#         self.next = None


class Solution:
    def detectCycle(self, head: ListNode) -> ListNode:
        slow = head
        fast = head
        
        while fast and fast.next:
            slow = slow.next
            fast = fast.next.next
            
            # If there is a cycle, the slow and fast pointers will eventually meet
            if slow == fast:
                # Move one of the pointers back to the start of the list
                slow = head
                while slow != fast:
                    slow = slow.next
                    fast = fast.next
                return slow # 为什么retrun slow在这一层不在外面这一层
        # If there is no cycle, return None
        return None
集合法
# Definition for singly-linked list.
# class ListNode:
#     def __init__(self, x):
#         self.val = x
#         self.next = None


class Solution:
    def detectCycle(self, head: ListNode) -> ListNode:
        visited = set()
        
        while head:
            if head in visited:
                return head
            visited.add(head)
            head = head.next
        
        return None
Kepler_K
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