C++ Primer Plus

Listing 4.20

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>




int main()
{
	
	string h;

	using namespace std;

	char animal[20] = "bear"; // animal holds bear
	const char * bird = "wren"; // bird holds address of string
	char * ps; // uninitialized
	cout << animal << " and "; // display bear
	cout << bird << "\n"; // display wren
	// cout << ps << "\n"; //may display garbage, may cause a crash
	cout << "Enter a kind of animal: ";
	cin >> animal; // ok if input < 20 chars
	// cin >> ps; Too horrible a blunder to try; ps doesn't
	// point to allocated space
	ps = animal; // set ps to point to string
	cout << ps << "!\n"; // ok, same as using animal
	cout << "Before using strcpy():\n";
	cout << animal << " at " << (int *)animal << endl;
	cout << ps << " at " << (int *)ps << endl;
	ps = new char[strlen(animal) + 1]; // get new storage
	strcpy_s(ps, strlen(animal) + 1, animal); // copy string to new storage

		cout << "After using strcpy():\n";
	cout << animal << " at " << (int *)animal << endl;
	cout << ps << " at " << (int *)ps << endl;
	delete[] ps;

	cin >> h;
	return 0;
}

strcpy_s需要三个参数！

Listing 4.24. choices.cpp

// choices.cpp -- array variations
#include <iostream>
#include <vector> // STL C++98
#include <array> // C++11
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	// C, original C++
	double a1[4] = { 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, 4.8 };
	// C++98 STL
	vector<double> a2(4); // create vector with 4 elements
	// no simple way to initialize in C98
	a2[0] = 1.0 / 3.0;
	a2[1] = 1.0 / 5.0;
	a2[2] = 1.0 / 7.0;
	a2[3] = 1.0 / 9.0;
	// C++11 -- create and initialize array object
	array<double, 4> a3 = { 3.14, 2.72, 1.62, 1.41 };
	array<double, 4> a4;
	a4 = a3; // valid for array objects of same size
	// use array notation
	cout << "a1[2]: " << a1[2] << " at " << &a1[2] << endl;
	cout << "a2[2]: " << a2[2] << " at " << &a2[2] << endl;
	cout << "a3[2]: " << a3[2] << " at " << &a3[2] << endl;
	cout << "a4[2]: " << a4[2] << " at " << &a4[2] << endl;
	// misdeed
	a1[-2] = 20.2;
	cout << "a1[-2]: " << a1[-2] << " at " << &a1[-2] << endl;
	cout << "a3[2]: " << a3[2] << " at " << &a3[2] << endl;
	cout << "a4[2]: " << a4[2] << " at " << &a4[2] << endl;
	return 0;
}

Listing 5.12

int main()
{
	
	string h;

	string word = "?ate";
	for (char ch = 'a'; <strong>word != "mate"</strong>; ch++)
	{
		cout << word << endl;
		word[0] = ch;
	}
	cout << "After loop ends, word is " << word << endl;

	cin >> h;
	return 0;
}

int main()
{

	string h;

	char word[5] = "?ate";


	for (char ch = ‘a’; strcmp(word, "mate"); ch++)
	{
		cout << word << endl;
		word[0] = ch;
	}
	cout << "After loop ends, word is " << word << endl;
	cin >> h;
	return 0;
}

<pre name="code" class="cpp">

string 类比C类更加方便，可以直接比较大小。

The way thestringclass overloads the!=operator allows you to use it as long as atleast one of the operands is astringobject; the remaining operand can be either astringobject or a C-style string.

若用 word！="mate"则表示二者地址相等，并不是两者的值。

const 代替define

vector动态数组

array定长度数组，更加安全

Listing 6.14 cingolf.cpp

const int Max = 5;

int main()
{
	
	string h;
	
	// get data
	int golf[Max];
	cout << "Please enter your golf scores.\n";
	cout << "You must enter " << Max << " rounds.\n";
	int i;
	int j = 0;
	char c;
	for (i = 0; i < Max; i++)
	{
		cout << "round #" << i + 1 << ": ";
		while (!(cin >> golf[i])) {
			cin.clear(); // reset input
			while ((c= cin.get() )!= '\n'){
				cout << c << "  23333" << endl;
				cout <<"j="<< j << endl;
				cout << ++j<<endl;
				continue; // get rid of bad input
			}
			cout << "Please enter a number: ";
		}
	}
	// calculate average

		double total = 0.0;
	for (i = 0; i < Max; i++)
		total += golf[i];
	// report results
	cout << total / Max << " = average score "
		<< Max << " rounds\n";


	cin >> h;
	return 0;
}

1,clear()清除缓冲区，内部数据都被清除掉
2，cin.get() != '\n'，只获取你缓冲区中的数据，当它的返回值为'\n'跳出
提示：continue与if连用,当遇到continue时，执行语句会跳过continue下面的语句！

键盘敲入字符，都暂存才cin的缓冲里面，当发现回车键时，开始从缓冲读取数据。cin >> golf时，就是从缓冲读取数据到golf，golf是int型，当从缓冲读取到其它非数字字符时，意味着读取失败。失败就给cin.?flag?产生错误标志，当错误标志存在时，cin就不能工作了，必须先清除掉。所以有了cin.clear()
1.当错误发生是，缓冲中已经被读取的字符已然没了，余下的都是从错误字符往后的字符了（产生错误的字符也已经被读走了，否则怎么产生错误）。Enter是在最后的，当然还存在着。
cin.clear()，只清除了错误标记。
2.既然发生了错误，就干脆把缓冲清空，重新进行输入。
所以就使用cin.get()从缓冲读取字符，直到连回车一起读走。每读一个字符，缓冲里就少一个字符。
3. 控制台程序，光标始终在给用户进行输入的地方。与cin无关。

7.4

	int sum(int(*ar2)[4], int size);//1
	int sum(int ar2[][4], int size);//2  
	int *ar2[4]; //3
	//1&2 是同样的意义，都是指向4个int组成数组的指针
	//3是 4个指向int指针所组成的数组

7.10函数指针

double pam(int);
double (*pf)(int);
pf = pam; // pf now points to the pam() function
double x = pam(4); // call pam() using the function name
double y = (*pf)(5); // call pam() using the pointer pf

double y = pf(5); // also call pam() using the pointer pf

pf 与*pf都可以调用 pam()函数。