近日算法零碎知识笔记（一）

1. Proceed to the end of file.
       在Input要求中看到这句话，就代表样例数据要一直输入到没有输入了为止，常见方法是（假设每组数据要输入n与m）：

   	while(cin>>n>>m){ }
   

   	while(scanf("%d %d",&n,&m) == 2){ }
   

   	while (~scanf("%d %d",&n,&m)){ }
   	while (scanf("%d%d",&m,&n) != EOF) { }
   

       这两行的意思是一样的，scanf的返回值是成功输入变量的个数，假如输入出错就返回EOF（定义为-1），~按位取反后就为0，退出循环。如果此循环结束后还需要输入数据，那么因为它会把错误数据也读入stdin导致影响到下一步。
   按Ctrl+Z再按Enter可结束。

2. PI定义：需要<cmath>

   	const double PI = acos(-1.0);
   

   学会多用const

3. float，double输入输出
   输入：double用%lf，float用%f
   输出：C99都用%f，C89的double可以%lf

4. gets()在C11中被移除了
   keep it simple and stupid

5. C++各种类型数范围

   #include <iostream>
   #include <limits>
   using namespace std;
   
   int main()
   {
   	cout<<"int bytes: "<<sizeof(int)<<endl<<
   	"min: "<<(numeric_limits<int>::min)()<<
   	"   max: "<<(numeric_limits<int>::max)()<<endl<<endl;
   
   	cout<<"double bytes: "<<sizeof(double)<<endl<<
   	"min: "<<(numeric_limits<double>::min)()<<
   	"   max: "<<(numeric_limits<double>::max)()<<endl<<endl;
   
   	cout<<"long long bytes: "<<sizeof(long long)<<endl<<
   	"min: "<<(numeric_limits<long long>::min)()<<
   	"   max: "<<(numeric_limits<long long>::max)()<<endl<<endl;
   
   	cout<<"long double bytes: "<<sizeof(long double)<<endl<<
   	"min: "<<(numeric_limits<long double>::min)()<<
   	"   max: "<<(numeric_limits<long double>::max)()<<endl<<endl;
   
   	cout<<"bool size: "<<sizeof(bool)<<endl;
   	cout<<"char size: "<<sizeof(char)<<endl;
   	return 0;
   }
   

   据类型	字节	min	max
   int	4	-2147483648	2147483647
   double	8	2.22507e-308	1.79769e+308
   long long	8	-9223372036854775808	9223372036854775807
   long double	12	3.3621e-4932	1.18973e+4932
   char	1
   bool	1

6. 不要使用/<conio.h/>，不要使用getch()