Java核心技术-并发编程-线程与线程池

在现在互联网项目中，经常面对的是高并发的场景，而针对面对高并发的系统架构主要在缓存、分布式数据库、消息队列、分布式部署等进行分享。
如何提高单应用的响应能力就跟线程有莫大的关系了。本文将通过以下内容进行分享：

• 任务
• 线程
• 线程状态
• 线程属性
• 线程池
• 返回结果任务

Part-1：任务

//定义任务：实现Runnable接口
public class LiftOff implements Runnable {
    protected int countDown = 10;
    private static int taskCount = 0;
    private final int id = taskCount++;
    public LiftOff() {    }
    public LiftOff(int countDown) {this.countDown = countDown;    }
    public String status() {
        return "#" + id + "(" + (countDown > 0 ? countDown : "LiftOff!") + ")";
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        while (countDown-- > 0) {
            System.out.print(status());
            Thread.yield();
        }
    }
}

Part-2：线程调用

Thread thread=new Thread(new LiftOff());
thread.start();

//线程初始化方法
public Thread(
    ThreadGroup group,  //线程分组，默认是空
    Runnable target,    //线程执行任务
    String name,        //线程名称
    long stackSize      //线程栈大小，默认是0表示忽略
) 

Part-3：线程状态

新建、可运行、被阻塞、等待、计时等待、被终止

Part-4：线程属性

• 优先级

//线程优先级：最低1，最高10，默认为5
t.setPriority(int newPriority)

• 守护线程

t.setDaemon(true)

PS:当程序仅剩下守护线程的时候，虚拟机就会退出

Part-5：线程池

构建一个线程有一定代价，因为涉及与操作系统的交互。如果程序中创建大量生命周期很短的线程，应该使用线程池（thread pool）。

• 线程池创建基础类

//Java线程池构建底层方法：
public ThreadPoolExecutor(
    int corePoolSize,                   //线程池工作线程池大小
    int maximumPoolSize,                //线程池最大工作线程数
    long keepAliveTime,                 //非核心线程空闲等待时长
    TimeUnit unit,                      //非核心线程空闲等待时间单位
    BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,  //线程池任务等待队列
    ThreadFactory threadFactory,        //线程构建工厂，默认DefaultThreadFactory
    RejectedExecutionHandler handler    //
)

• 默认线程池创建方法

//java.util.concurrent.Executors 神明系统不同线程池
//固定线程池
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(
        nThreads, 
        nThreads,
        0L, 
        TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
        new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}

//单线程实例线程池
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
    return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService(
        new ThreadPoolExecutor(
            1, 
            1,
            0L, 
            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}

//缓存线程池
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(
            0, 
            Integer.MAX_VALUE,
            60L, 
            TimeUnit.SECONDS,
            new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}

//计划线程池
public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
    return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
}

//单个核心计划线程池
public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor() {
    return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
        (new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1));
}

• 线程池参数比较
  

• 拒绝策略

//执行指定任务
public static class CallerRunsPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
//抛出异常：RejectedExecutionException
public static class AbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
//新任务直接丢弃
public static class DiscardPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
//将等待队列头部节点丢弃，将新任务放入队尾
public static class DiscardOldestPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {

Part-6：带返回类型任务

• 实现Callable接口

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;

public class RandomDataCallable implements Callable<Integer> {
    private final Random random = new Random();
    private final Integer randomLimit = 10000;

    @Override
    public Integer call() throws Exception {
        //模拟异步任务
        int randomResult = 0;
        do {
            Thread.currentThread().join(300);
            randomResult = random.nextInt(randomLimit);
        } while (randomResult % 21 != 0);
        return randomResult;
    }
}

• 生成Future对象

List<Future<Integer>> futureResults = new ArrayList<>();
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    futureResults.add(executorService.submit(randomDataCallable));
}

• 获取结果

int countTimes = 0;
while (futureResults.stream().filter(Future::isDone).count() != futureResults.size()) {
    Thread.currentThread().join(100);
    countTimes++;
    System.out.print("等待异步任务结果" + countTimes);
}

futureResults.forEach(futureResult->{
    try {
        System.out.println(futureResult.get());
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
});

参考资料

• Java核心技术（卷1）基础知识
• Java编程思想