设计模式之Composite组合设计模式

意图 intent ：将对象组合成树形结构以表示 “ 部分 - 整体 ” 的层次结构。 Composite 使得用户对单个对象和组合对象的使用具有一致性。

适用性：1）你想表示对象的部分-整体层次结构。 2）你希望用户忽略组合对象与单个对象的不同，用户将统一地使用组合结构中的所有对象。  

Definition：

Compose objects into tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies. Composite lets clients treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly.

Participants：The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Component   (DrawingElement)
• • declares the interface for objects in the composition.
  • implements default behavior for the interface common to all classes, as appropriate.
  • declares an interface for accessing and managing its child components.
  • (optional) defines an interface for accessing a component's parent in the recursive structure, and implements it if that's appropriate.
• Leaf   (PrimitiveElement)
• • represents leaf objects in the composition. A leaf has no children.
  • defines behavior for primitive objects in the composition.
• Composite   (CompositeElement)
• • defines behavior for components having children.
  • stores child components.
  • implements child-related operations in the Component interface.
• Client  (CompositeApp)
• • manipulates objects in the composition through the Component interface.

 
     这个模式还是有点复杂的，是我到目前为止所学的最复杂的一个，因为我光看UML图还是不是很清楚。Sigh，看来俺还是太弱了。不过看了代码后就很清楚了。恩。

其中Component是一个抽象类，Composite实现了Component，同时，它也保存了一个Component类型的数组成员。Leaf是Component的另一种实现，它没有一个数组，就相当于树叶，它不能再有子节点了。而Composite则相当于一个树枝，它可以有很多子节点。Client的话就是演示代码了。其它的也没什么了。要点是Leaf和Composite都来自同一个Abstract class，然后Composite拥有Component对象的一个数组。这样的话就会演化出一棵树来了。只要有一个root根节点，然后就一个节点一个节点的往上爬了，然后到Leaf树叶节点结束。恩。非常典型的一棵树啊。

不过现在好像也都把聚合也叫做组合了。怎么说呢？称呼是次要的，技术也是次要的，关键是做出来的东西！

Sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Composite pattern which allows the creation of a tree structure in which individual nodes are accessed uniformly whether they are leaf nodes or branch (composite) nodes.

// Composite pattern -- Structural example

using System; using System.Collections; namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Composite.Structural {   // MainApp test application   class MainApp   {     static void Main()     {       // Create a tree structure       Composite root = new Composite("root");       root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf A"));       root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf B"));       Composite comp = new Composite("Composite X");       comp.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XA"));       comp.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XB"));       root.Add(comp);       root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf C"));       // Add and remove a leaf       Leaf leaf = new Leaf("Leaf D");       root.Add(leaf);       root.Remove(leaf);       // Recursively display tree       root.Display(1);       // Wait for user       Console.Read();     }   }   // "Component"   abstract class Component   {     protected string name;     // Constructor     public Component(string name)     {       this.name = name;     }     public abstract void Add(Component c);     public abstract void Remove(Component c);     public abstract void Display(int depth);   }   // "Composite"   class Composite : Component   {     private ArrayList children = new ArrayList();     // Constructor     public Composite(string name) : base(name)     {       }     public override void Add(Component component)     {       children.Add(component);     }     public override void Remove(Component component)     {       children.Remove(component);     }     public override void Display(int depth)     {       Console.WriteLine(new String('-', depth) + name);       // Recursively display child nodes       foreach (Component component in children)       {         component.Display(depth + 2);       }     }   }   // "Leaf"   class Leaf : Component   {     // Constructor     public Leaf(string name) : base(name)     {       }     public override void Add(Component c)     {       Console.WriteLine("Cannot add to a leaf");     }     public override void Remove(Component c)     {       Console.WriteLine("Cannot remove from a leaf");     }     public override void Display(int depth)     {       Console.WriteLine(new String('-', depth) + name);     }   } }

 

Output -root

---Leaf A

---Leaf B

---Composite X

-----Leaf XA

-----Leaf XB

---Leaf C

This real-world code demonstrates the Composite pattern used in building a graphical tree structure made up of primitive nodes (lines, circles, etc) and composite nodes (groups of drawing elements that make up more complex elements).

// Composite pattern -- Real World example

using System; using System.Collections; namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Composite.RealWorld {      // Mainapp test application   class MainApp   {     static void Main()     {       // Create a tree structure       CompositeElement root =         new CompositeElement("Picture");       root.Add(new PrimitiveElement("Red Line"));       root.Add(new PrimitiveElement("Blue Circle"));       root.Add(new PrimitiveElement("Green Box"));       CompositeElement comp =         new CompositeElement("Two Circles");       comp.Add(new PrimitiveElement("Black Circle"));       comp.Add(new PrimitiveElement("White Circle"));       root.Add(comp);       // Add and remove a PrimitiveElement       PrimitiveElement pe =         new PrimitiveElement("Yellow Line");       root.Add(pe);       root.Remove(pe);       // Recursively display nodes       root.Display(1);       // Wait for user       Console.Read();     }   }   // "Component" Treenode   abstract class DrawingElement   {     protected string name;     // Constructor     public DrawingElement(string name)     {       this.name = name;     }     public abstract void Add(DrawingElement d);     public abstract void Remove(DrawingElement d);     public abstract void Display(int indent);   }   // "Leaf"   class PrimitiveElement : DrawingElement   {     // Constructor     public PrimitiveElement(string name) : base(name)     {       }     public override void Add(DrawingElement c)     {       Console.WriteLine(         "Cannot add to a PrimitiveElement");     }     public override void Remove(DrawingElement c)     {       Console.WriteLine(         "Cannot remove from a PrimitiveElement");     }     public override void Display(int indent)     {       Console.WriteLine(         new String('-', indent) + " " + name);     }   }   // "Composite"   class CompositeElement : DrawingElement   {     private ArrayList elements = new ArrayList();        // Constructor     public CompositeElement(string name) : base(name)     {       }     public override void Add(DrawingElement d)     {       elements.Add(d);     }     public override void Remove(DrawingElement d)     {       elements.Remove(d);     }     public override void Display(int indent)     {       Console.WriteLine(new String('-', indent) +         "+ " + name);       // Display each child element on this node       foreach (DrawingElement c in elements)       {         c.Display(indent + 2);       }     }   } }

 
Output -+ Picture

--- Red Line

--- Blue Circle

--- Green Box

---+ Two Circles

----- Black Circle

----- White Circle

Reference: http://www.dofactory.com/Patterns/Patterns.aspx