DRF的序列化和校验

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已于 2024-08-21 18:00:37 修改

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文章标签： django

于 2024-08-21 17:57:09 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/kjk364/article/details/141399746

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day14 drf-中篇

上节内容：前后端分离概述、纯净项目、request对象、认证、权限、限流等。

本节内容：

版本，在请求中携带版本号，便于后续API的更新迭代。
```
http://www.5xclass/api/v1/info
http://www.5xclass/api/v2/info
```
解析器，读取不同格式数据进行解析然后赋值给request.data等对象中。
```
user=wupeiqi&age=123
{"user":"wupeiqi","age":123}
```
序列化器，将ORM获取的数据库QuerySet或数据对象序列化成JSON格式 + 请求数据格式校验。（最重要）
分页，对ORM中获取的数据进行分页处理，分批返回给用户。
视图，drf中提供了APIView+其他视图类让我们来继承。

1.版本

在restful规范中要去，后端的API中需要体现版本。

1.1 GET参数传递

# settings.py

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "VERSION_PARAM": "v",
    "DEFAULT_VERSION": "v1",
    "ALLOWED_VERSIONS": ["v1", "v2", "v3"],
    "DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS":"rest_framework.versioning.QueryParameterVersioning"
}

源码执行流程：

1.2 URL路径传递（*）

1.3 请求头传递

1.4 反向生成URL

在每个版本处理的类中还定义了reverse方法，他是用来反向生成URL并携带相关的的版本信息用的，例如：

2.解析器

使用 request.data 获取请求体中的数据。

这个 reqeust.data 的数据怎么来的呢？其实在drf内部是由解析器，根据请求者传入的数据格式 + 请求头来进行处理。

2.1 JSONParser （*）

2.2 FormParser

2.3 MultiPartParser（*）

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>
</body>
</html>

2.4 FileUploadParser（*）

解析器可以设置多个，默认解析器：

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser, JSONParser, FormParser

class UserView(APIView):

    def post(self, request):
        print(request.content_type)
        print(request.data)

        return Response("...")

3.序列化器

3.1 序列化数据

3.1.1 Serializer

from django.db import models


class Role(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name="标题", max_length=32)
    order = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="顺序")

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from api import models


class InfoSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField()
    title = serializers.CharField()
    order = serializers.IntegerField()


class InfoView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        # 1.数据库获取多条数据
        # queryset = models.Role.objects.all()
        # ser = InfoSerializer(instance=queryset, many=True)

        # 2.数据库获取单条数据
        instance = models.Role.objects.all().first()
        ser = InfoSerializer(instance=instance, many=False)
        
        print(type(ser.data), ser.data)
        return Response(ser.data)

3.1.2 ModelSerializer

from django.db import models


class Role(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name="标题", max_length=32)
    order = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="顺序")

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from api import models


class InfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Role
        # fields = "__all__"
        # fields = ['id', 'title', 'order']
        exclude = ["id"]


class InfoView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        # 1.数据库获取多条数据
        # queryset = models.Role.objects.all()
        # ser = InfoSerializer(instance=queryset, many=True)

        # 2.数据库获取单条数据
        instance = models.Role.objects.all().first()
        ser = InfoSerializer(instance=instance, many=False)

        print(type(ser.data), ser.data)
        return Response(ser.data)

很显然，如果要对数据表中的字段进行序列化，使用ModelModelSerializer是要比Serializer更简洁一些的。

3.1.3 字段和参数

在ModelModelSerializer和Serializer中都可以自定义字段，并传入一些相关参数。

from django.db import models


class Role(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name="标题", max_length=32)
    order = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="顺序")


class UserInfo(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name="姓名", max_length=32)
    gender = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="性别", choices=((1, "男"), (2, "女")))
    role = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="角色", to="Role", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    ctime = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="创建时间", auto_now_add=True)

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from api import models


class InfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    gender = serializers.CharField(source="get_gender_display")
    role = serializers.CharField(source="role.title")
    ctime = serializers.DateTimeField(format="%Y-%m-%d")
    other_name = serializers.CharField(source="name")
    mine = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = ['id', 'name', 'gender', "role", 'ctime', "other_name", "mine"]

    def get_mine(self, obj):
        return "x-x-{}".format(obj.name)


class InfoView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = InfoSerializer(instance=queryset, many=True)
        print(type(ser.data), ser.data)
        return Response(ser.data)

3.1.4 序列化类嵌套

主要是ORM类中对应ForeignKey 和 ManyToManyField的字段进行序列化。

基于SerializerMethodField自定义方法对关联表数据进行序列化
基于嵌套的序列化类实现

from django.db import models


class Role(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name="标题", max_length=32)
    order = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="顺序")


class Tag(models.Model):
    caption = models.CharField(verbose_name="名称", max_length=32)


class UserInfo(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name="姓名", max_length=32)
    gender = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="性别", choices=((1, "男"), (2, "女")))
    role = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="角色", to="Role", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    ctime = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="创建时间", auto_now_add=True)

    tags = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name="标签", to="Tag")

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from api import models


class RoleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Role
        # fields = "__all__"
        fields = ["id", 'title']


class TagSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Tag
        fields = "__all__"


class InfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    role = RoleSerializer()
    tags = TagSerializer(many=True)

    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = ['id', 'name', "role", "tags"]


class InfoView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = InfoSerializer(instance=queryset, many=True)
        print(type(ser.data), ser.data)
        return Response(ser.data)

3.1.5 序列化类继承

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from api import models


class MySerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    more = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

    def get_more(self, obj):
        return "123"


class InfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer, MySerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = ["id", "name", 'more']


class InfoView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        instance = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        ser = InfoSerializer(instance=instance, many=False)

        print(type(ser.data), ser.data)
        return Response(ser.data)

3.1.6 底层实现原理（扩展）

声明：掌握上述知识点，已经可以让你完成工作中常见的任务。接下来的知识点，只是作为扩展，可以略过。

1.元类

对象是通过类实例化出来的。

class Foo(object):
    pass

# 第1步：调用Foo的__new__方法创建空对象。
# 第2步：调用Foo的__init__方法对对象进行初始化。
obj = Foo()

类是谁创建的？是由type创建出来的（默认）。

class Foo(object):
    v1 = 123
    
    def func(self):
        return 666

Foo = type("Foo",(object,),{ "v1":123, "func":lambda self:666 })

定义类时加入metaclass指定当前类的创造者。

# 由type创建Foo类型
class Foo(object):
    pass

# 由`东西` 创建Foo类型
class Foo(object,metaclass=东西):
    pass

指定元类(metaclass) 来创建类。

class MyType(type):
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        new_cls = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
        print("创建类：", new_cls)
        return new_cls

class Foo(metaclass=MyType):
    pass

class MyType(type):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("第2步：初始化类成员：", args, **kwargs)
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        new_cls = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
        print("第1步：创建类：", new_cls)
        return new_cls


class Foo(metaclass=MyType):
    v1 = 123

    def func(self):
        pass

class MyType(type):
    def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print("第2步：初始化类成员：", args, **kwargs)
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        new_cls = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
        print("第1步：创建类：", new_cls)
        return new_cls

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print("第3步：创建对象&初始化对象", cls)

        # 1.调用自己那个类的 __new__ 方法去创建对象
        new_object = cls.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)

        # 2.调用你自己那个类 __init__放发去初始化
        cls.__init__(new_object, *args, **kwargs)
        return new_object


class Foo(metaclass=MyType):
    v1 = 123

    def func(self):
        pass


obj = Foo()

2.实例化字段对象

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from api import models


class InfoSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField()
    title = serializers.CharField()
    order = serializers.IntegerField

对于上述代码，在类InfoSerializer创建之前，其内部id、title、order字段会先进行实例化对象。

而这些IntegerField、CharField等字段的继承关系如下：

class Field:
    _creation_counter = 0
    
class IntegerField(Field):
    pass

class CharField(Field):
    pass

class DateTimeField(Field):
    pass

在IntegerField、CharField等字段实例化时，内部会维护一个计数器，来表示实例化的先后顺序。

class Field:
    _creation_counter = 0
	def __init__(self, *, read_only=False...):
        self._creation_counter = Field._creation_counter
        Field._creation_counter += 1
        
class IntegerField(Field):
	def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        ...
        super().__init__(**kwargs)

class CharField(Field):
	def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        ...
        super().__init__(**kwargs)

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from api import models


class InfoSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField()  # 对象，内部_creation_counter=0
    title = serializers.CharField()  # 对象，内部_creation_counter=1
    order = serializers.IntegerField # 对象，内部_creation_counter=2

注意：后续会通过这个计数器排序，以此来实现字段的先后执行。

3.序列化类的创建

class SerializerMetaclass(type):
	def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        attrs['_declared_fields'] = cls._get_declared_fields(bases, attrs)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class Serializer(BaseSerializer, metaclass=SerializerMetaclass):
	...

class ModelSerializer(Serializer):
	...
    
class RoleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    gender = serializers.CharField(source="get_gender_display")
    class Meta:
        model = models.Role
        fields = ["id", 'title',"gender"]

注意：父类中指定metaclass，子类也会由此metaclass来创建类。

4._declared_fields

在创建类之前，元类的__new__方法在类成员中添加了一个_declared_fields（类变量）。

class SerializerMetaclass(type):
    @classmethod
    def _get_declared_fields(cls, bases, attrs):
        # 1.循环获取类中定义所有的成员（类变量、方法），筛选出继承自Fields的类的字段对象。
        # 注意：同时会将字段在当前类成员中移除
        fields = [
            (field_name, attrs.pop(field_name)) 
            for field_name, obj in list(attrs.items())
            if isinstance(obj, Field)
        ]
        # 2.根据字段的_creation_counter排序
        fields.sort(key=lambda x: x[1]._creation_counter)

        # Ensures a base class field doesn't override cls attrs, and maintains
        # field precedence when inheriting multiple parents. e.g. if there is a
        # class C(A, B), and A and B both define 'field', use 'field' from A.
        known = set(attrs)

        def visit(name):
            known.add(name)
            return name
		
        # 3.读取父类中的_declared_fields字段（父类先于子类创建、序列化类支持继承）
        base_fields = [
            (visit(name), f)
            for base in bases if hasattr(base, '_declared_fields')
            for name, f in base._declared_fields.items() if name not in known
        ]
		
        # 4.将父类和子类中的字段打包返回，赋值给当前类的_declared_fields
        return OrderedDict(base_fields + fields)

    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        attrs['_declared_fields'] = cls._get_declared_fields(bases, attrs)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class Serializer(BaseSerializer, metaclass=SerializerMetaclass):
	...

class ModelSerializer(Serializer):
	...
    
class RoleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    gender = serializers.CharField(source="get_gender_display")
    class Meta:
        model = models.Role
        fields = ["id", 'title',"gender"]

所以，当类序列化类加载完毕后，类中成员：

剔除，字段对象。
```
RoleSerializer.gender   不存在
```

新增，_declared_fields，是OrderedDict类型且内部包含所有字段。

RoleSerializer._declared_fields = {
    "gender": CharField对象
}

其他，保留原样。
```
RoleSerializer.Meta
```

5.创建序列化类对象

在视图的方法，使用序列化类对 orm 获取的QuerySet或对象进行序列化时，需要先进行初始化类的对象。

class SerializerMetaclass(type):
	def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        attrs['_declared_fields'] = cls._get_declared_fields(bases, attrs)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class BaseSerializer(Field):
    def __init__(self, instance=None, data=empty, **kwargs):
        self.instance = instance
        if data is not empty:
            self.initial_data = data
        self.partial = kwargs.pop('partial', False)
        self._context = kwargs.pop('context', {})
        kwargs.pop('many', None)
        super().__init__(**kwargs)

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if kwargs.pop('many', False):
            # 调用 many_init 方法获取其他对象，返回
            return cls.many_init(*args, **kwargs)

        # 创建当前类的空对象，返回
        return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)


    @classmethod
    def many_init(cls, *args, **kwargs):
		...
        child_serializer = cls(*args, **kwargs)
        list_kwargs = {
            'child': child_serializer,
        }
        meta = getattr(cls, 'Meta', None)
        list_serializer_class = getattr(meta, 'list_serializer_class', ListSerializer)
        return list_serializer_class(*args, **list_kwargs)
    
class Serializer(BaseSerializer, metaclass=SerializerMetaclass):
	...

class ModelSerializer(Serializer):
	...
    
class RoleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    gender = serializers.CharField(source="get_gender_display")
    class Meta:
        model = models.Role
        fields = ["id", 'title',"gender"]

instance = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()

# 实例化对象，内部会：先执行__new__、再执行__init__
# 第1步：__new__
# 	默认：many=True，返回ListSerializer对象； many=False，返回当前类InfoSerializer的对象。
# 第2步：__init__
#   此处就要根据__new__返回的不同对象，执行不同对象的__init__方法。
# =====> 思考题：你觉得他为什么要这么设计？ <======
ser = InfoSerializer(instance=instance, many=False)

# 获取序列化后的值
ser.data

6.序列化-当前类

class Field:
    def get_attribute(self, instance):
        # source_attrs=[]  或 source_attrs=["xx","xx","xxx"]
		return get_attribute(instance, self.source_attrs)
    
class CharField(Field):
    def to_representation(self, value):
        return str(value)

class BaseSerializer(Field):
    @property
    def data(self):
        # 第2步
        if not hasattr(self, '_data'):
            if self.instance is not None and not getattr(self, '_errors', None):
                # 第3步：用于序列化给对象进行初始化用的。
                self._data = self.to_representation(self.instance)
            elif hasattr(self, '_validated_data') and not getattr(self, '_errors', None):
                # 这里是用于对请求校验时，才触发执行的。
                self._data = self.to_representation(self.validated_data)
            else:
                # 这个是用于给Serializer，不传对象而传入initial_data参数用的。
                self._data = self.get_initial()
        return self._data

class Serializer(BaseSerializer, metaclass=SerializerMetaclass):
    @property
    def data(self):
        # 第1步
        ret = super().data
        return ReturnDict(ret, serializer=self)
	
    def to_representation(self, instance):
        # 第4步
        ret = OrderedDict()
        
        # 第5步：获取 _declared_fields 中所有非write_only字段，即：用于序列化的字段。
        #       如果是ModelSerializer，也会去寻找其Meta中定义的字段 + 字段的bind方法
        fields = self._readable_fields

        for field in fields:
            try:
                # 第5步：调用字段对象中的 get_attribute 方法
                attribute = field.get_attribute(instance)
            except SkipField:
                continue

            check_for_none = attribute.pk if isinstance(attribute, PKOnlyObject) else attribute
            if check_for_none is None:
                ret[field.field_name] = None
            else:
                # 第6步：调用字段对象中的 to_representation 方法
                ret[field.field_name] = field.to_representation(attribute)

        return ret
    
class ModelSerializer(Serializer):
	...
    
class RoleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    gender = serializers.CharField(source="get_gender_display")
    class Meta:
        model = models.Role
        fields = ["id", 'title',"gender"]

instance = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
ser = InfoSerializer(instance=instance, many=False)

# 创建InfoSerializer类的对象，获取序列化后的值
ser.data

7.序列化-ListSerializer

class BaseSerializer(Field):
    @property
    def data(self):
        if not hasattr(self, '_data'):
            if self.instance is not None and not getattr(self, '_errors', None):
                # 这里
                self._data = self.to_representation(self.instance)
            elif hasattr(self, '_validated_data') and not getattr(self, '_errors', None):
                self._data = self.to_representation(self.validated_data)
            else:
                self._data = self.get_initial()
        return self._data

class ListSerializer(BaseSerializer):
	@property
    def data(self):
        ret = super().data
        return ReturnList(ret, serializer=self)
    
    def to_representation(self, data):
        iterable = data.all() if isinstance(data, models.Manager) else data
        
        return [
            # 循环，利用序列化类去处理每个对象
            self.child.to_representation(item) for item in iterable
        ]

3.2 数据校验

对用户发来的请求数据进行校验。

3.2.1 内置校验

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers


class InfoSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    title = serializers.CharField(required=True, max_length=20, min_length=6)
    order = serializers.IntegerField(required=False, max_value=100, min_value=10)
    level = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=[("1", "高级"), (2, "中级")])


class InfoView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        ser = InfoSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            return Response(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(ser.errors)

3.2.2 正则校验

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator, EmailValidator


class InfoSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    title = serializers.CharField(required=True, max_length=20, min_length=6)
    order = serializers.IntegerField(required=False, max_value=100, min_value=10)
    level = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=[("1", "高级"), (2, "中级")])

    # email = serializers.EmailField()
    email = serializers.CharField(validators=[EmailValidator(message="邮箱格式错误")])

    more = serializers.CharField(validators=[RegexValidator(r"\d+", message="格式错误")])

    code = serializers.CharField()


class InfoView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        ser = InfoSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            return Response(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(ser.errors)

3.2.3 钩子校验

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework import exceptions


class InfoSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    title = serializers.CharField(required=True, max_length=20, min_length=6)
    order = serializers.IntegerField(required=False, max_value=100, min_value=10)
    code = serializers.CharField()

    def validate_code(self, value):
        print(value)
        if len(value) > 6:
            raise exceptions.ValidationError("字段钩子校验失败")
        return value

    def validate(self, attrs):
        print("validate=", attrs)
        # api_settings.NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY
        # raise exceptions.ValidationError("全局钩子校验失败")
        return attrs


class InfoView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        ser = InfoSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            return Response(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(ser.errors)

3.2.4 Model校验

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework import exceptions
from api import models
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator


class RoleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    more = serializers.CharField(required=True)

    class Meta:
        model = models.Role
        fields = ["title", "order", "more"]
        extra_kwargs = {
            "title": {"validators": [RegexValidator(r"\d+", message="格式错误")]},
            "order": {"min_value": 5},
        }

    def validate_more(self, value):
        return value

    def validate(self, attrs):
        return attrs


class InfoView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        ser = RoleSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            return Response(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(ser.errors)

3.2.5 校验+保存

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework import exceptions
from api import models
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator


class RoleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    more = serializers.CharField(required=True)

    class Meta:
        model = models.Role
        fields = ["title", "order", "more"]
        extra_kwargs = {
            "title": {"validators": [RegexValidator(r"\d+", message="格式错误")]},
            "order": {"min_value": 5},
        }

    def validate_more(self, value):
        return value

    def validate(self, attrs):
        return attrs


class InfoView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        ser = RoleSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.validated_data.pop("more")
            instance = ser.save()  # ser.save(v1=123,v2=234)
            print(instance)
            return Response(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(ser.errors)

3.2.6 校验+保存+FK+M2M

from django.db import models


class Role(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name="标题", max_length=32)
    order = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="顺序")


class Tag(models.Model):
    caption = models.CharField(verbose_name="名称", max_length=32)


class UserInfo(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name="姓名", max_length=32)
    gender = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="性别", choices=((1, "男"), (2, "女")))
    role = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="角色", to="Role", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    ctime = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="创建时间", auto_now_add=True)

    tags = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name="标签", to="Tag")

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework import exceptions
from api import models
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
import datetime


class UserInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    more = serializers.CharField(required=True)

    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = ["name", "gender", "role", "tags", "more"]
        extra_kwargs = {
            "name": {"validators": [RegexValidator(r"n-\d+", message="格式错误")]},
        }

    def validate_more(self, value):
        return value

    def validate(self, attrs):
        return attrs


class InfoView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        ser = UserInfoSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.validated_data.pop("more")
            instance = ser.save(ctime=datetime.datetime.now())
            print(instance)
            # return Response(ser.validated_data)
            return Response("成功")
        else:
            return Response(ser.errors)

3.2.7 钩子create

当执行save时，内部会调用 create 或 update方法，如果想要自定义保存规则，也可以在此处进行处理。

3.3 校验+序列化

如果一个请求，即需要做 请求校验 又需要做 序列化 ，怎么搞呢？例如：新增数据。

字段，可以通过read_only 、write_only、required 来设定
is_valid校验
data调用序列化

3.3.1 二合一

# models.py

from django.db import models


class Role(models.Model):
    """ 角色表 """
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name="名称", max_length=32)


class Department(models.Model):
    """ 部门表 """
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name="名称", max_length=32)


class UserInfo(models.Model):
    """ 用户表 """
    level_choices = ((1, "普通会员"), (2, "VIP"), (3, "SVIP"),)
    level = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="级别", choices=level_choices, default=1)

    username = models.CharField(verbose_name="用户名", max_length=32)
    password = models.CharField(verbose_name="密码", max_length=64)
    age = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="年龄", default=0)
    email = models.CharField(verbose_name="邮箱", max_length=64, null=True, blank=True)
    token = models.CharField(verbose_name="TOKEN", max_length=64, null=True, blank=True)

    depart = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="部门", to="Department", on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)
    roles = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name="角色", to="Role")

# urls.py

from django.urls import path, re_path, include
from app01 import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('api/users/', views.UserView.as_view()),
]

# views.py

from django.core.validators import EmailValidator
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers

from app01 import models


class DepartModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Department
        fields = ['id', "title"]
        extra_kwargs = {
            "id": {"read_only": False},  # 数据验证
            "title": {"read_only": True}  # 序列化
        }


class RoleModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Role
        fields = ['id', "title"]
        extra_kwargs = {
            "id": {"read_only": False},  # 数据验证
            "title": {"read_only": True}  # 序列化
        }


class UserModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    level_text = serializers.CharField(source="get_level_display", read_only=True)

    # Serializer嵌套，不是read_only，一定要自定义create和update，自定义新增和更新的逻辑。
    depart = DepartModelSerializer(many=False)
    roles = RoleModelSerializer(many=True)

    extra = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
    email2 = serializers.EmailField(write_only=True)

    # 数据校验：username、email、email2、部门、角色信息
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = [
            "username", "age", "email", "level_text", "depart", "roles", "extra", "email2"
        ]
        extra_kwargs = {
            "age": {"read_only": True},
            "email": {"validators": [EmailValidator, ]},
        }

    def get_extra(self, obj):
        return 666

    def validate_username(self, value):
        return value

    # 新增加数据时
    def create(self, validated_data):
        """ 如果有嵌套的Serializer，在进行数据校验时，只有两种选择：
              1. 将嵌套的序列化设置成 read_only
              2. 自定义create和update方法，自定义新建和更新的逻辑
            注意：用户端提交数据的格式。
        """
        depart_id = validated_data.pop('depart')['id']

        role_id_list = [ele['id'] for ele in validated_data.pop('roles')]

        # 新增用户表
        validated_data['depart_id'] = depart_id
        user_object = models.UserInfo.objects.create(**validated_data)

        # 在用户表和角色表的关联表中添加对应关系
        user_object.roles.add(*role_id_list)

        return user_object


class UserView(APIView):
    """ 用户管理 """

    def get(self, request):
        """ 添加用户 """
        queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = UserModelSerializer(instance=queryset, many=True)
        return Response({"code": 0, 'data': ser.data})

    def post(self, request):
        """ 添加用户 """
        ser = UserModelSerializer(data=request.data)
        if not ser.is_valid():
            return Response({'code': 1006, 'data': ser.errors})

        ser.validated_data.pop('email2')

        instance = ser.save(age=18, password="123", depart_id=1)

        # 新增之后的一个对象（内部调用UserModelSerializer进行序列化）
        print(instance)
        # ser = UserModelSerializer(instance=instance, many=False)
        # ser.data

        return Response({'code': 0, 'data': ser.data})

3.3.2 独立分开

在执行不同功能时，分别使用不同的序列化器来进行处理业务。

GET请求，返回数据（序列化A）
POST请求，提交数据（序列化A） + 返回数据（序列化B）。

底层源码实现：

序列化的底层源码实现有别于上述其他的组件，序列化器相关类的定义和执行都是在视图中被调用的，所以源码的分析过程可以分为：定义类、序列化、数据校验。

源码1：序列化过程

源码2：数据校验过程

4.分页

在查看数据列表的API中，如果数据量比较大，肯定不能把所有的数据都展示给用户，而需要通过分页展示。

在drf中为我们提供了一些分页先关类：

BasePagination，分页基类
PageNumberPagination(BasePagination)	支持 /accounts/?page=4&page_size=100 格式的分页
LimitOffsetPagination(BasePagination)	支持 ?offset=100&limit=10 格式的分页
CursorPagination(BasePagination)		支持 上一下 & 下一页 格式的分页（不常用）

4.1 PageNumberPagination

4.2 LimitOffsetPagination

5.初识视图

APIView`是drf中 “顶层” 的视图类，在他的内部主要实现drf基础的组件的使用，例如：版本、认证、权限、限流等。

# urls.py

from django.urls import path, re_path, include
from app01 import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('api/users/', views.UserView.as_view()),
    path('api/users/<int:pk>/', views.UserDetailView.as_view()),
    # 其他分页、筛选等条件，都是要放在 ?page=1&size=9来 传参。
]

# views.py

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

class UserView(APIView):
    
    # 认证、权限、限流等
    
    def get(self, request):
		# 业务逻辑：查看列表
        return Response({"code": 0, 'data': "..."})

    def post(self, request):
        # 业务逻辑：新建
        return Response({'code': 0, 'data': "..."})
    
class UserDetailView(APIView):
    
	# 认证、权限、限流等
        
    def get(self, request,pk):
		# 业务逻辑：查看某个数据的详细
        return Response({"code": 0, 'data': "..."})

    def put(self, request,pk):
        # 业务逻辑：全部修改
        return Response({'code': 0, 'data': "..."})
    
    def patch(self, request,pk):
        # 业务逻辑：局部修改
        return Response({'code': 0, 'data': "..."})
    
    def delete(self, request,pk):
        # 业务逻辑：删除
        return Response({'code': 0, 'data': "..."})