上一次中，我们发现烧录Linux内核时，单纯的的内核文件烧到单片机中，系统会无法跑起来，根本原因就没有挂载点，找不到文件系统，这一次我们来制作基于jffs2根文件系统的制作。
1. jff2文件系统简介
jff2是专门针对Norflash而设计的文件系统，这种文件系统是直接存放在flash上面，掉电后不丢失，区别于initramfs，小页的Nandflash也可以使用，只是效率不高。这里是Norflash和
Nandflash的简单区别1。
2. 库准备
2.1 VFS
我们都知道，Linux能兼容比较多的是因为嵌入式这方面都会屏蔽底层硬件，要求良好的兼容性，移植性强。用户完全不需要知道这些底层文件系统的具体实现，这主要归功于VFS(Virtual File System)。VFS具有以下特性：
- 向上提供标准文件操作接口 ；
- 向下对所以文件系统提供统一标准接口 ；
- VFS把一些复杂的操作尽量抽象到VFS内部，使得底层文件系统实现更简单。
2.2 工具源码准备-mtd-utils移植
创建工作路径
[klaus@localhost jffs+ker_fl2440]$ ls
3rdparty bootloader crosstool driver images linux program
[klaus@localhost jffs+ker_fl2440]$ mkdir -p x86_tools/mtd_utils库准备
1.编译lzo库，生成静态库
[klaus@localhost jffs+ker_fl2440]$ cd x86_tools/mtd_utils/
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ wget http://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/download/lzo-2.10.tar.gz
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ tar -xzf lzo-2.10.tar.gz
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ cd lzo-2.10
[klaus@localhost lzo-2.10]$ ./configure --prefix=`pwd`/../install --enable-static --disable-shared
configure: Configuring LZO 2.10
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
... ... ...
Type 'make' to build LZO.
Type 'make check' and 'make test' to test LZO.
Type 'make install' to install LZO.
After installing LZO, please have a look at 'examples/simple.c'.
[klaus@localhost lzo-2.10]$ 2.编译zlib库
[klaus@localhost lzo-2.10]$ cd ..
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ wget https://github.com/madler/zlib/archive/v1.2.10.tar.gz -O zlib-1.2.10.tar.gz
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ tar -xzf zlib-1.2.10.tar.gz
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ cd zlib-1.2.10
[klaus@localhost zlib-1.2.10]$ ./configure --prefix=`pwd`/../install --static
[klaus@localhost zlib-1.2.10]$ make && make install3.编译e2fsprogs库(libuuid)
[klaus@localhost zlib-1.2.10]$ cd ..
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ wget https://github.com/tytso/e2fsprogs/archive/v1.43.7.tar.gz -O e2fsprogs-1.43.7.tar.gz
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ tar -xzf e2fsprogs-1.43.7.tar.gz
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ cd e2fsprogs-1.43.7
[klaus@localhost e2fsprogs-1.43.7]$ ./configure --prefix=`pwd`/../install --enable-elf-shlibs --enable-libuuid
[klaus@localhost e2fsprogs-1.43.7]$ make ; make install-libs4.编译mtd-utils并安装mkfs.jffs2和mkfs.ubifs
[klaus@localhost e2fsprogs-1.43.7]$ cd ..
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ wget ftp://ftp.infradead.org/pub/mtd-utils/mtd-utils-1.5.2.tar.bz2
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ tar -xjf mtd-utils-1.5.2.tar.bz2
[klaus@localhost mtd_utils]$ cd mtd-utils-1.5.2
[klaus@localhost mtd-utils-1.5.2]$ export CFLAGS+=" -I../install/include/ "
[klaus@localhost mtd-utils-1.5.2]$ export LDFLAGS+=" -L../install/lib/ -static "
[klaus@localhost mtd-utils-1.5.2]$ make WITHOUT_XATTR=15.根文件系统工具制作
[klaus@localhost mtd-utils-1.5.2]$ sudo cp mkfs.jffs2 /bin/
[sudo] password for klaus:
[klaus@localhost mtd-utils-1.5.2]$ sudo cp mkfs.ubifs/mkfs.ubifs /bin/
[klaus@localhost mtd-utils-1.5.2]$ sudo cp ubi-utils/ubinize /bin/
[klaus@localhost mtd-utils-1.5.2]$ 3.jff2制作
3.1 镜像制作
可直接在上一次做好的文件系统树上进行修改
[klaus@localhost rootfs_fl2440]$ sudo cp -r rootfs/* ../jffs+ker_fl2440/linux/rootfs/
[sudo] password for klaus:
[klaus@localhost rootfs_fl2440]$ cd ../jffs+ker_fl2440/linux/
[klaus@localhost linux]$ ls
kernel linux-3.0 linux-3.0.tar.bz2 rootfs
[klaus@localhost linux]$ du -sh rootfs
12M rootfs
[klaus@localhost linux]$ mkfs.jffs2 -n -s 2048 -e 128KiB -d ./rootfs -o rootfs-jffs2.bin
mkfs.jffs2: error!: open output file
error 13 (Permission denied)
#制作根文件系统时不进行填充
[klaus@localhost linux]$ sudo mkfs.jffs2 -n -s 2048 -e 128KiB -d ./rootfs -o rootfs-jffs2.bin
[klaus@localhost linux]$ du -sh rootfs-jffs2.bin
6.3M rootfs-jffs2.bin
[klaus@localhost linux]$ mkfs.jffs2 -n -s 2048 -e 128KiB -d ./rootfs -o rootfs-jffs2.bin --pad=0xa00000
mkfs.jffs2: error!: open output file
error 13 (Permission denied)
[klaus@localhost linux]$ sudo mkfs.jffs2 -n -s 2048 -e 128KiB -d ./rootfs -o rootfs-jffs2.bin --pad=0xa000003.2 内核配置及编译
1.General setup
减少内核大小，取消Nandflash的swap分区。
<*> Kernel .config support
[ ] Automatically append version information to the version string
[ ] Automatically append version i
[ ] Support for paging of anonymous memory (swap)
[*] Configure standard kernel features (expert users)
[*] Embedded system特别注意，一定要取消initramfs的支持，系统对initramfs的优先级最高，系统会优先启动。
2.File systems
取消没必要的文件系统支持，同样可把光盘驱动给取消了，不需要用到光盘。
< > Second extended fs support
< > Ext3 journalling file system support
< > The Extended 4 (ext4) filesystem
< > Kernel automounter version 4 support (also supports v3)
< > FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) support
CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems --->
< > ISO 9660 CDROM file system support
< > UDF file system support
DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems --->
<*> MSDOS fs support
<*> VFAT (Windows-95) fs support添加Windows的FAT文件系统支持,U盘或SD卡中会使用
(437) Default codepage for FAT
(iso8859-1) Default iocharset for FAT
<*> NTFS file system support 添加Windows的NTFS文件系统支持,U盘或SD卡中会使用
[ ] NTFS debugging support
[*] NTFS write support
Pseudo filesystems --->
<*> Userspace-driven configuration filesystem 添加sysfs伪文件系统支持
[*] Miscellaneous filesystems --->
<*> Journalling Flash File System v2 (JFFS2) support 添加JFFS2文件系统支持
(0) JFFS2 debugging verbosity (0 = quiet, 2 = noisy)
[*] JFFS2 write-buffering support
[ ] Verify JFFS2 write-buffer reads
[*] JFFS2 summary support (EXPERIMENTAL)
[ ] JFFS2 XATTR support (EXPERIMENTAL)
[ ] Advanced compression options for JFFS2其他文件系统如果不需要的话都不要选
< > Compressed ROM file system support (cramfs) 可以取消cramfs文件系统的支持
< > SquashFS 4.0 - Squashed file system support 可以取消SquashFS文件系统的支持
< > ROM file system support 可以取消ROM文件系统的支持
[*] Network File Systems --->
<*> NFS client support
[*] NFS client support for NFS version 3
[*] NFS client support for the NFSv3 ACL protocol extension
[ ] NFS client support for NFS version 4
[*] Root file system on NFS
//将其他不需要的网络文件系统都不要选
< > NFS server support
< > Ceph distributed file system (EXPERIMENTAL)
< > CIFS support (advanced network filesystem, SMBFS successor)
< > NCP file system support (to mount NetWare volumes)
< > Coda file system support (advanced network fs)
< > Andrew File System support (AFS) (EXPERIMENTAL)
Partition Types --->
[ ] PC BIOS (MSDOS partition tables) support 取消这个选项减少内核大小3.Native language support
语言选项就比较随意了，选择汉字就好，其他的都可以取消掉
(iso8859-1) Default NLS Option
<*> Codepage 437 (United States, Canada)
<*> Simplified Chinese charset (CP936, GB2312)
<*> Traditional Chinese charset (Big5)
<*> ASCII (United States)
<*> NLS ISO 8859-1 (Latin 1; Western European Languages)
<*> NLS UTF-8选择完成后重新编译，可以查看生成后的文件大小是多少
[klaus@localhost linux-3.0]$ ./build.sh
[klaus@localhost linux-3.0]$ du -h linuxrom-s3c2440.bin
2.4M linuxrom-s3c2440.bin
4. u-boot下载
根据内核里面配置的信息我们来配置u-boot的参数
static struct mtd_partition smdk_default_nand_part[] = {
[0] = {
.name = "mtdblock0 u-boot 1MB",
.offset = 0,
.size = SZ_1M*1, /* 0x0000000 ~ 0x0100000 */
},
[1] = {
.name = "mtdblock1 kernel 15MB",
.offset = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,
.size = SZ_1M*15, /* 0x0100000 ~ 0X1000000 */
},
[2] = {
.name = "mtdblock2 rootfs 40MB",
.offset = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,
.size = SZ_1M*40,
},
[3] = {
.name = "mtdblock3 apps 80MB",
.offset = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,
.size = SZ_1M*80,
},
[4] = {
.name = "mtdblock4 data 80MB",
.offset = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,
.size = SZ_1M*80,
},
[5] = {
.name = "mtdblock5 backup 40MB",
.offset = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,
.size = SZ_1M*40,
}
};
static struct s3c2410_nand_set smdk_nand_sets[] = {
[0] = {
.name = "NAND",
.nr_chips = 1,
.nr_partitions = ARRAY_SIZE(smdk_default_nand_part),
.partitions = smdk_default_nand_part,
},参数解读：
jffs2根文件系统区别于initramfs文件系统，jiff2是建立在Nandflash上的根文件系统，开发板掉电不丢失，而且不像initramfs同内核绑定在一起，需要分别烧录内核和根文件系统。
一般性经验
- u-boot的烧录地址应该是 0，大小不超过1M。该分区对应Linux内核分区表的/dev/mtdblock0；
- Linux内核的烧录地址应该是0x100000(1M的偏移量处)，大小不超过15M。该分区对应Linux
内核分区表的/dev/mtdblock1； - 根文件系统镜像的烧录地址应该是0x1000000(16M的偏移量处)，大小不超过40M。该分区对应Linux内核分区表的/dev/mtdblock2；
4.1 内核烧录
[fl2440@lingyun]# tftp 30008000 linuxrom-s3c2440.bin
//Linux内核下载到内存地址30008000
dm9000 i/o: 0x20000300, id: 0x90000a46
DM9000: running in 16 bit mode
MAC: 00:11:22:33:44:55
could not establish link
Using dm9000 device
TFTP from server 192.168.100.8; our IP address is 192.168.100.18
Filename 'linuxrom-s3c2440.bin'.
Load address: 0x30008000
Loading: T #################################################################
#################################################################
######################################
done
Bytes transferred = 2461920 (2590e0 hex)
[fl2440@lingyun]# nand erase 100000 F00000
NAND erase: device 0 offset 0x100000, size 0xf00000
Skipping bad block at 0x004c0000
Erasing at 0xfe0000 -- 100% complete.
OK
[fl2440@lingyun]# nand write 30008000 100000 400000
//（即1M开始总共15M的空间）全部擦除
NAND write: device 0 offset 0x100000, size 0x400000
Skip bad block 0x004c0000
4194304 bytes written: OK
[fl2440@lingyun]# 4.2 烧录根文件系统
[fl2440@lingyun]# tftp 30008000 rootfs-jffs2.bin
dm9000 i/o: 0x20000300, id: 0x90000a46
DM9000: running in 16 bit mode
MAC: 00:11:22:33:44:55
could not establish link
Using dm9000 device
TFTP from server 192.168.100.8; our IP address is 192.168.100.18
Filename 'rootfs-jffs2.bin'.
Load address: 0x30008000
Loading: #################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
#################################################################
done
Bytes transferred = 10485760 (a00000 hex)
[fl2440@lingyun]# nand erase 1000000 2800000
//（即16M开始总共40M的空间）全部擦除
NAND erase: device 0 offset 0x1000000, size 0x2800000
Erasing at 0x37e0000 -- 100% complete.
OK
[fl2440@lingyun]# nand write 30008000 1000000 $filesize
NAND write: device 0 offset 0x1000000, size 0xa00000
10485760 bytes written: OK
[fl2440@lingyun]# 5. 重启
u-boot烧录进去后，我们可以直接重启开发板或者使用boot命令。
[fl2440@lingyun]# boot
... ... ...
~ >: mount
rootfs on / type rootfs (rw)
/dev/root on / type jffs2 (rw,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime)
usbfs on /proc/bus/usb type usbfs (rw,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,relatime)
ramfs on /tmp type ramfs (rw,relatime)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,relatime)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,relatime,mode=600)
~ >: 根文件的确挂载到了jffs2文件系统上，同时可以看看分区情况。
~ >: pwd
/
~ >: ls
apps dev init mnt rtc tmp
bin etc lib proc sbin usr
data info linuxrc root sys var
~ >: dmesg | grep mtdblock
Kernel command line: console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200 root=/dev/mtdblock2 rootfstype=jffs2 init=/linuxrc mem=64M rw noinitrd loglevel=7
0x000000000000-0x000000100000 : "mtdblock0 u-boot 1MB"
0x000000100000-0x000001000000 : "mtdblock1 kernel 15MB"
0x000001000000-0x000003800000 : "mtdblock2 rootfs 40MB"
0x000003800000-0x000008800000 : "mtdblock3 apps 80MB"
0x000008800000-0x00000d800000 : "mtdblock4 data 80MB"
0x00000d800000-0x000010000000 : "mtdblock5 backup 40MB"
~ >: - Norflash不允许有坏块，擦除比较麻烦。导致了允许出现坏块的Nandflash。 ↩
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