基于Negative Sampling 的模型
此章节将介绍基于Negative Sampling的CBOW和skip-gram模型。Negative Sampling(简称NEG)是Tomas Mikolov等人提出的,它是NCG(Noise Contrastive Estimation)的一个简化版本,目的是为了提高模型的训练速度和改善所得词向量的质量。与Hierarchical Softmax相比,NEG不再使用复杂的huffman树,而是采用随机负采样,能大幅度提高性能,因而成为了hierarchical Softman的一种替代。
1.CBOW模型
在cbow模型中,已知词的上下文 c o n t e x t ( w ) context(w) context(w),需要预测 w w w,因此,对于给定的 c o n t e x t ( w ) context(w) context(w),词 w w w就是一个正样本,其他词就是负样本,但是负样本那么多,该如何选取呢?这个就得说负采样算法了,此处先略过,先讲解一下基于negative sampling的原理。
1.1cbow原理
假定现在已经选好了一个关于
w
w
w的负采样子集
N
E
G
(
w
)
≠
∅
NEG(w)\neq \emptyset
NEG(w)=∅,且对
∀
w
~
∈
D
\forall \widetilde{w} \in D
∀w
∈D,定义
L
w
(
w
~
)
=
{
1
w
~
=
w
0
w
~
≠
w
L^w(\widetilde{w})= \begin{cases} 1& \widetilde{w}=w\\ 0& \widetilde{w}\neq w \end{cases}
Lw(w
)={10w
=ww
=w
表示词
w
~
\widetilde{w}
w
的标签,即正样本的标签为1,负样本的标签为0.
对于一个给定的正样本
(
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
,
w
)
(context(w),w)
(context(w),w),我们希望最大化
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)
=
∏
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∈
w
⋃
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E
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)
p
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∣
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o
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)
g(w) = \prod_{u \in w\bigcup NEG(w)} p(u|context(w))
g(w)=u∈w⋃NEG(w)∏p(u∣context(w))
其中
p
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∣
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o
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t
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=
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−
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L
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0
p(u|context(w))= \begin{cases} \sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)& L^w(u)=1\\ 1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)& L^w(u)=0 \end{cases}
p(u∣context(w))={σ(xwTθu)1−σ(xwTθu)Lw(u)=1Lw(u)=0
或者写成整体表达式
p
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p(u|context(w)) = [\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)]^{L^w(u)} \cdot [1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)]^{1-L^w(u)}
p(u∣context(w))=[σ(xwTθu)]Lw(u)⋅[1−σ(xwTθu)]1−Lw(u)
这里
x
w
x_w
xw扔表示
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
context(w)
context(w)中各词的词向量之和,而
θ
u
∈
R
m
\theta^u \in \mathbb{R}^m
θu∈Rm表示词
u
u
u对应的一个向量,为待训练参数
为什么要最大化
g
(
w
)
g(w)
g(w)呢?首先可以看看
g
(
w
)
g(w)
g(w)的表达式
g
(
w
)
=
σ
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x
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T
θ
w
)
∏
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∈
N
E
G
(
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)
[
1
−
σ
(
x
w
T
θ
u
)
]
g(w) = \sigma(x_w^T \theta^w) \prod_{u \in NEG(w)}[1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)]
g(w)=σ(xwTθw)u∈NEG(w)∏[1−σ(xwTθu)]
其中
σ
(
x
w
T
θ
w
)
\sigma(x_w^T \theta^w)
σ(xwTθw)表示上下文为
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
context(w)
context(w)时,预测中心词为
w
w
w的概率,而
σ
(
x
w
T
θ
u
)
,
u
∈
N
E
G
(
w
)
\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u),u \in NEG(w)
σ(xwTθu),u∈NEG(w)则表示当上下文为
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
context(w)
context(w)时,预测中心词为
u
u
u的概率(此处可以看做是一个二分类问题,最大似然函数).从形式上看,最大化
g
(
w
)
g(w)
g(w),相当于最大化
σ
(
x
w
T
θ
w
)
\sigma(x_w^T \theta^w)
σ(xwTθw),同时最小化所有的
σ
(
x
w
T
θ
u
)
,
u
∈
N
E
G
(
w
)
\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u),u\in NEG(w)
σ(xwTθu),u∈NEG(w).这不正是我们希望的:增大正样本的概率的同时降低负样本的概率。
于是,对于一个语料库C,函数
G
=
∏
w
∈
c
g
(
w
)
G = \prod_{w \in c} g(w)
G=w∈c∏g(w)
就可以作为整体优化的目标,为了计算方便,对G取对数,最终的目标函数就是
L
=
l
o
g
G
=
l
o
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∏
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∈
C
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∈
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)
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∈
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∏
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∈
{
w
}
⋃
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(
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)
{
[
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⋅
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−
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)
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=
∑
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∈
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∑
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∈
{
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}
⋃
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(
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)
{
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⋅
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}
\begin{aligned} L = logG & = log \prod_{w \in C} g(w) \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} log \quad g(w) \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} log \prod_{u \in\{w\}\bigcup NEG(w) } \{ [\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)]^{L^w(u)} \cdot [1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)]^{1-L^w(u)}\} \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} \sum_{u \in\{w\}\bigcup NEG(w) } \{ L^w(u) \cdot log[\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)] +[1-L^w(u) ] \cdot log[1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)]\} \end{aligned}
L=logG=logw∈C∏g(w)=w∈C∑logg(w)=w∈C∑logu∈{w}⋃NEG(w)∏{[σ(xwTθu)]Lw(u)⋅[1−σ(xwTθu)]1−Lw(u)}=w∈C∑u∈{w}⋃NEG(w)∑{Lw(u)⋅log[σ(xwTθu)]+[1−Lw(u)]⋅log[1−σ(xwTθu)]}
1.2 cbow 梯度上升
为了梯度推导方便,令
L
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)
=
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⋅
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⋅
l
o
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]
L(w,u) = L^w(u) \cdot log[\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)] +[1-L^w(u) ] \cdot log[1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)]
L(w,u)=Lw(u)⋅log[σ(xwTθu)]+[1−Lw(u)]⋅log[1−σ(xwTθu)]
接下来利用随机梯度上升法计算梯度
∂
L
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,
u
)
∂
θ
u
=
∂
∂
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U
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=
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−
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=
{
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−
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x
w
\begin{aligned} \frac{ \partial L(w,u)}{ \partial \theta^u} & = \frac{ \partial }{ \partial \theta^U} \{ L^w(u) \cdot log[\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)] +[1-L^w(u) ] \cdot log[1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)] \} \\ &= L^w(u) [1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)]x_w - [1-L^w(u)] \sigma(x_w^T \theta^u) x_w\\ &= \{L^w(u) [1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)] - [1-L^w(u)] \sigma(x_w^T \theta^u) \}x_w \\ &= [L^w(u) - \sigma(x_w^T \theta^u) ]x_w \end{aligned}
∂θu∂L(w,u)=∂θU∂{Lw(u)⋅log[σ(xwTθu)]+[1−Lw(u)]⋅log[1−σ(xwTθu)]}=Lw(u)[1−σ(xwTθu)]xw−[1−Lw(u)]σ(xwTθu)xw={Lw(u)[1−σ(xwTθu)]−[1−Lw(u)]σ(xwTθu)}xw=[Lw(u)−σ(xwTθu)]xw
于是,
θ
u
\theta^u
θu的更新公式可以写为
θ
u
:
=
θ
u
+
η
[
L
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(
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)
−
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]
x
w
\theta^u:=\theta^u + \eta[L^w(u) - \sigma(x_w^T \theta^u) ]x_w
θu:=θu+η[Lw(u)−σ(xwTθu)]xw
且
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∂
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[
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\frac{ \partial L(w,u)}{ \partial x_u}= [L^w(u) - \sigma(x_w^T \theta^u)]\theta^u
∂xu∂L(w,u)=[Lw(u)−σ(xwTθu)]θu
于是利用
∂
L
(
w
,
u
)
∂
x
u
\frac{ \partial L(w,u)}{ \partial x_u}
∂xu∂L(w,u)可得
v
(
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~
)
,
w
~
∈
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
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)
v(\widetilde{w}),\widetilde{w} \in context(w)
v(w
),w
∈context(w)的更新公式
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~
)
:
=
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~
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+
η
∑
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∈
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⋃
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∂
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∈
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o
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v(\widetilde{w}) := v(\widetilde{w}) + \eta \sum_{u \in w\bigcup NEG(w)} \frac{ \partial L(w,u)}{ \partial x_w},\widetilde{w} \in context(w)
v(w
):=v(w
)+ηu∈w⋃NEG(w)∑∂xw∂L(w,u),w
∈context(w)
1.3 cbow更新伪代码
- e=0
- x w = ∑ u ∈ c o n t e x t ( w ) v ( u ) x_w = \sum_{u \in context(w)} v(u) xw=∑u∈context(w)v(u)
- For
u
∈
w
⋃
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E
G
(
w
)
D
O
\quad u \in w\bigcup NEG(w) DO
u∈w⋃NEG(w)DO
{
3.1 q = σ ( x w T θ u ) \quad q = \sigma(x_w^T \theta^u) q=σ(xwTθu)
3.2 g = η ( L w ( u ) − q ) \quad g= \eta (L^w(u) - q) g=η(Lw(u)−q)
3.3 e : = e + g θ u \quad e:=e+g \theta^{u} e:=e+gθu
3.4 θ u : = θ u + g x w \quad \theta^{u}:=\theta^{u} + gx_w θu:=θu+gxw
} - For
u
∈
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
\quad u \in context(w)
u∈context(w)
{
v ( u ) : = v ( u ) + e \qquad v(u):=v(u) + e v(u):=v(u)+e
}
注释:结合伪代码,给出与word2vec源码中的对应关系如下:syn0对应 v ( ⋅ ) v(\cdot) v(⋅),syn1neg对应 θ u \theta^{u} θu,neu1对应 x w x_w xw,neu1e对应e
2. skip-gram模型
此章节将介绍基于negative sampling的skip-gram模型。
skip-gram模型:在已经中心词
w
w
w的前提下,预测
w
w
w的背景词
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
context(w)
context(w)的词向量
2.1 skip-gram 原理
首先,定义目标函数为
G
=
∏
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∈
C
∏
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∈
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
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)
g
(
u
)
G = \prod_{w \in C} \prod_{w \in context(w)} g(u)
G=w∈C∏w∈context(w)∏g(u)
这里,
∏
w
∈
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
g
(
u
)
\prod_{w \in context(w)} g(u)
∏w∈context(w)g(u)表示对于一个给定的样本
(
w
,
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
)
(w,context(w))
(w,context(w)),我们希望最大化的量
g
(
u
)
=
∏
z
∈
{
u
}
⋃
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E
G
(
w
)
p
(
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∣
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)
g(u) = \prod_{z \in \{u\} \bigcup NEG(w)} p(z|w)
g(u)=z∈{u}⋃NEG(w)∏p(z∣w)
其中
N
E
G
(
w
)
NEG(w)
NEG(w)表示处理词u时生成的负样本子集,条件概率为
p
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∣
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=
{
σ
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p(z|w)= \begin{cases} \sigma(v_w^T \theta^z)& L^u(z)=1\\ 1-\sigma(v_w^T \theta^z)& L^u(z)=0 \end{cases}
p(z∣w)={σ(vwTθz)1−σ(vwTθz)Lu(z)=1Lu(z)=0
或者写成整体表达式
p
(
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∣
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)
=
[
σ
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]
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⋅
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]
1
−
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(
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)
p(z|w) = [\sigma(v_w^T \theta^z)]^{L^u(z)} \cdot [1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^z)]^{1-L^u(z)}
p(z∣w)=[σ(vwTθz)]Lu(z)⋅[1−σ(xwTθz)]1−Lu(z)
同时,我们取G的对数,则最终的目标函数为
L
=
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o
g
G
=
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∏
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∈
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∏
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∏
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}
⋃
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=
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∈
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}
⋃
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)
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{
[
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]
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⋅
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]
1
−
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(
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}
=
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∈
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∑
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∈
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∑
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∈
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}
⋃
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{
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⋅
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[
σ
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+
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]
⋅
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]
}
\begin{aligned} L = logG & = log \prod_{w \in C} \prod_{u \in context(w)} g(u) \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} \sum_{u \in context(w)} log \ g(u) \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} \sum_{u \in context(w)} log \prod_{z \in \{u\} \bigcup NEG(u)} p(z|w) \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} \sum_{u \in context(w)} \sum_{z \in \{u\} \bigcup NEG(u)} log\{[\sigma(v_w^T \theta^z)]^{L^u(z)} \cdot [1-\sigma(x_w^T \theta^z)]^{1-L^u(z)} \} \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} \sum_{u \in context(w)} \sum_{z \in \{u\} \bigcup NEG(u)} \{L^u(z) \cdot log[\sigma(v_w^T \theta^z)] + [1-L^u(z)] \cdot log[1-\sigma(v_w^T \theta^z)]\} \end{aligned}
L=logG=logw∈C∏u∈context(w)∏g(u)=w∈C∑u∈context(w)∑log g(u)=w∈C∑u∈context(w)∑logz∈{u}⋃NEG(u)∏p(z∣w)=w∈C∑u∈context(w)∑z∈{u}⋃NEG(u)∑log{[σ(vwTθz)]Lu(z)⋅[1−σ(xwTθz)]1−Lu(z)}=w∈C∑u∈context(w)∑z∈{u}⋃NEG(u)∑{Lu(z)⋅log[σ(vwTθz)]+[1−Lu(z)]⋅log[1−σ(vwTθz)]}
2.2 skip-gram 随机梯度上升法
值得一提的是,word2vec源码中基于negative sampling 的skip-gram模型并不是基于此目标函数进行编程的,因为如果是基于上述目标函数进行编程的话,那么对于每个
(
w
,
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
)
(w,context(w))
(w,context(w)),需要针对
c
o
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t
e
x
t
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w
)
context(w)
context(w)中的每一个词进行负采样,而word2vec源码中只是针对
w
w
w进行了
∣
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
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w
)
∣
次
负
采
样
|context(w)|次负采样
∣context(w)∣次负采样
那么,word2vec源码这一块的依据是什么?
与hierachical softmax的skip-gram一样的处理方式,因为我们希望
∏
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∈
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∏
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∈
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x
t
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)
p
(
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∣
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)
\prod_{w \in C} \prod_{u \in context(w)} p(u|w)
w∈C∏u∈context(w)∏p(u∣w)
最大的同时,也希望
∏
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∈
C
p
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w
∣
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
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w
)
)
\prod_{w \in C} p(w|context(w))
w∈C∏p(w∣context(w))
最大。
所以,skip-gram在源码中实际用的还是cbow模型,只是将原本通过求均值做整体用的上下文
c
o
n
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e
x
t
(
w
)
context(w)
context(w)直接输入,相当于输入从1个均值向量变成了2c个词自身的词向量。
首先,我们希望最大化
g
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)
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∏
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∈
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∏
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∈
{
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}
⋃
N
E
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~
(
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)
p
(
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∣
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~
)
g(w) = \prod_{\widetilde{w} \in context(w)} \prod_{u \in\{w\}\bigcup NEG^{\widetilde{w}}(w) } p(u|\widetilde{w})
g(w)=w
∈context(w)∏u∈{w}⋃NEGw
(w)∏p(u∣w
)
其中
p
(
u
∣
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~
)
=
{
σ
(
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~
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θ
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)
L
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)
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1
1
−
σ
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~
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)
L
w
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)
=
0
p(u|\widetilde{w})= \begin{cases} \sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)& L^w(u)=1\\ 1-\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)& L^w(u)=0 \end{cases}
p(u∣w
)={σ(vw
Tθu)1−σ(vw
Tθu)Lw(u)=1Lw(u)=0
或者写成整体表达式
p
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∣
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)
=
[
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]
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⋅
[
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−
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~
]
1
−
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)
p(u|\widetilde{w}) = [\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u]^{L^w(u)} \cdot [1-\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}]}^{1-L^w(u)}
p(u∣w
)=[σ(vw
Tθu]Lw(u)⋅[1−σ(vw
]1−Lw(u)
这里
N
E
G
w
~
(
w
)
NEG^{\widetilde{w}}(w)
NEGw
(w)表示词
w
~
\widetilde{w}
w
时生成的负样本子集,于是对于一个给定的语料库C,函数
G
=
∏
w
∈
C
g
(
w
)
G = \prod_{w \in C} g(w)
G=w∈C∏g(w)
就可以作为整体优化的目标。同样,我们取G的对数,最终的目标函数就是
L
=
l
o
g
G
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l
o
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∈
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∑
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∈
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g
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∈
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l
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g
∏
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~
∈
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x
t
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)
∏
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∈
{
w
}
⋃
N
E
G
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~
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)
{
[
σ
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~
T
θ
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)
]
L
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⋅
[
1
−
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~
T
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)
]
1
−
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w
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)
}
=
∑
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∈
C
∑
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~
∈
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x
t
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)
∏
u
∈
{
w
}
⋃
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E
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w
~
(
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)
{
L
w
(
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)
⋅
l
o
g
[
σ
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~
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)
]
+
[
1
−
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)
]
⋅
l
o
g
[
1
−
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v
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~
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)
]
}
\begin{aligned} L = logG & = log \prod_{w \in C} g(w) \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} log \quad g(w) \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} log \prod_{\widetilde{w} \in context(w) } \prod_{u \in\{w\}\bigcup NEG^{\widetilde{w}}(w) } \{ [\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)]^{L^w(u)} \cdot [1-\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)]^{1-L^w(u)}\} \\ &= \sum_{w \in C} \sum_{\widetilde{w} \in context(w) } \prod_{u \in\{w\}\bigcup NEG^{\widetilde{w}}(w) } \{ L^w(u) \cdot log[\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)] +[1-L^w(u) ] \cdot log[1-\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)]\} \end{aligned}
L=logG=logw∈C∏g(w)=w∈C∑logg(w)=w∈C∑logw
∈context(w)∏u∈{w}⋃NEGw
(w)∏{[σ(vw
Tθu)]Lw(u)⋅[1−σ(vw
Tθu)]1−Lw(u)}=w∈C∑w
∈context(w)∑u∈{w}⋃NEGw
(w)∏{Lw(u)⋅log[σ(vw
Tθu)]+[1−Lw(u)]⋅log[1−σ(vw
Tθu)]}
为了方便起见,将三重求和符号下花括号里的内容简记为
L
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~
,
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)
L(w,\widetilde{w},u)
L(w,w
,u),即
L
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)
=
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)
⋅
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)
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)
]
⋅
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[
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−
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~
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)
]
L(w,\widetilde{w},u) = L^w(u) \cdot log[\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)] +[1-L^w(u) ] \cdot log[1-\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)]
L(w,w
,u)=Lw(u)⋅log[σ(vw
Tθu)]+[1−Lw(u)]⋅log[1−σ(vw
Tθu)]
接下来利用随机梯度上升法对此目标哦函数进行优化。
∂
L
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,
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~
,
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)
∂
θ
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=
∂
∂
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{
L
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⋅
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o
g
[
σ
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~
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θ
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)
]
+
[
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w
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)
]
⋅
l
o
g
[
1
−
σ
(
v
w
~
T
θ
u
)
]
}
=
L
w
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)
[
1
−
σ
(
v
w
~
T
θ
u
)
]
v
w
~
−
[
1
−
L
w
(
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)
]
σ
(
v
w
~
T
θ
u
)
v
w
~
=
{
L
w
(
u
)
[
1
−
σ
(
v
w
~
T
θ
u
)
]
−
[
1
−
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w
(
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)
]
σ
(
v
w
~
T
θ
u
)
}
v
w
~
=
[
L
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)
−
σ
(
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~
T
θ
u
)
]
v
w
~
\begin{aligned} \frac{ \partial L(w,\widetilde{w},u)}{ \partial \theta^u} & = \frac{ \partial }{ \partial \theta^u} \{ L^w(u) \cdot log[\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)] +[1-L^w(u) ] \cdot log[1-\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)] \} \\ &= L^w(u) [1-\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)]v_{\widetilde{w}} - [1-L^w(u)] \sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u) v_{\widetilde{w}}\\ &= \{L^w(u) [1-\sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)] - [1-L^w(u)] \sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u) \}v_{\widetilde{w}} \\ &= [L^w(u) - \sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u) ]v_{\widetilde{w}} \end{aligned}
∂θu∂L(w,w
,u)=∂θu∂{Lw(u)⋅log[σ(vw
Tθu)]+[1−Lw(u)]⋅log[1−σ(vw
Tθu)]}=Lw(u)[1−σ(vw
Tθu)]vw
−[1−Lw(u)]σ(vw
Tθu)vw
={Lw(u)[1−σ(vw
Tθu)]−[1−Lw(u)]σ(vw
Tθu)}vw
=[Lw(u)−σ(vw
Tθu)]vw
于是,
θ
u
\theta^u
θu的更新公式可以写为
θ
u
:
=
θ
u
+
η
[
L
w
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u
)
−
σ
(
v
w
~
T
θ
u
)
]
v
w
~
\theta^u:=\theta^u + \eta[L^w(u) - \sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u) ]v_{\widetilde{w}}
θu:=θu+η[Lw(u)−σ(vw
Tθu)]vw
且
∂
L
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w
,
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~
,
u
)
∂
v
w
~
=
[
L
w
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)
−
σ
(
v
w
~
T
θ
u
)
]
θ
u
\frac{ \partial L(w,\widetilde{w},u)}{ \partial v_{\widetilde{w}}}= [L^w(u) - \sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)]\theta^u
∂vw
∂L(w,w
,u)=[Lw(u)−σ(vw
Tθu)]θu
于是利用
∂
L
(
w
,
w
~
,
u
)
∂
x
u
\frac{ \partial L(w,\widetilde{w},u)}{ \partial x_u}
∂xu∂L(w,w
,u)可得
v
(
w
~
)
,
w
~
∈
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
v(\widetilde{w}),\widetilde{w} \in context(w)
v(w
),w
∈context(w)的更新公式
v
(
w
~
)
:
=
v
(
w
~
)
+
η
∑
u
∈
w
⋃
N
E
G
w
~
(
w
)
∂
L
(
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,
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~
,
u
)
∂
v
w
~
,
w
~
∈
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
v(\widetilde{w}) := v(\widetilde{w}) + \eta \sum_{u \in w\bigcup NEG^{\widetilde{w}}(w)} \frac{ \partial L(w,\widetilde{w},u)}{ \partial v_{\widetilde{w}}},\widetilde{w} \in context(w)
v(w
):=v(w
)+ηu∈w⋃NEGw
(w)∑∂vw
∂L(w,w
,u),w
∈context(w)
2.3 skip-gram 参数更新伪代码
{
f
o
r
w
~
=
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
(
w
)
D
O
for \quad \widetilde{w} =context(w) \quad DO
forw
=context(w)DO:
e
=
0
\qquad e=0
e=0
f
o
r
u
=
{
w
}
⋃
N
E
G
w
~
(
w
)
D
O
\qquad for \quad u = \{w\} \bigcup NEG^{\widetilde{w}}(w) \quad DO
foru={w}⋃NEGw
(w)DO:
q
=
σ
(
v
w
~
T
θ
u
)
\qquad \qquad q = \sigma(v_{\widetilde{w}}^T \theta^u)
q=σ(vw
Tθu)
g
=
η
(
L
w
(
u
)
−
q
)
\qquad \qquad g = \eta (L^w(u)- q)
g=η(Lw(u)−q)
e
:
=
e
+
g
θ
u
\qquad\qquad e:=e+g \theta^{u}
e:=e+gθu
θ
u
:
=
θ
u
+
g
v
w
~
\qquad\qquad \theta^{u}:=\theta^{u} + gv_{\widetilde{w}}
θu:=θu+gvw
v
w
~
:
=
v
w
~
+
e
\qquad\qquad v_{\widetilde{w}}:= v_{\widetilde{w}}+e
vw
:=vw
+e
}
3.负采样算法
顾名思义,在基于negative sampling的CBOW和skip-gram模型中,负采样是重要的环节,对定一个给定的词 w w w,如何生成 N E G ( w ) NEG(w) NEG(w)呢?