c++::详解虚表

(注：以下的运行环境是vs2008)

【虚表的定义】：

1.1定义：

每个有虚函数的类或者虚继承的子类，编译器都会为它生成一个虚表，表中的每一个元素都指向一个虚函数的地址（虚表是从属于类的）

1.2理解的关键点：

1）编译器会为包含虚函数的类加上一个成员变量，是一个指向该虚函数表的指针，虚表指针是从属于对象的，也就是说，如果一个类含有虚表，那么类的每个对象都含有虚表指针

2） 虚表的内容是依据类中的虚函数声明次序—填入函数指针。

【虚表的创建】：

1）基类（虚表）：按照虚函数在基类中出现的先后次序进行一次逐个填写虚表地址。

2）派生类（虚表）：

      A、先要知道基类虚表的格式

      B、派生类对基类中那些虚函数进行重写，如果重写了，会将虚表中相同偏移位置的函数的地址进行重写

      C、再将最后四个字节写为0

注意：

1、     不同对象的虚表地址相同

2、     基类类型的指针指向派生类对象，要调用派生类重写的函数时，无法调用

【不同继承方式下不同情况的虚表】：

（分别从继承方式，有无重写和是否是虚拟继承来进行分析）

2.1单继承的无重写的虚表

1）说明:程序的结果：
           A:基类的打印自己的，派生类的也打印自己的 
           B:基类大小：如果有成员的话，就是成员加头四个字节（指向虚表的指针）派生类大小；如果有成员的话，就是成员加基类加指向虚表的指针

2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
	Base()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:public Base
{
public:
	Derived()
	{}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base b;
	Derived d;
	cout<<"Base::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）程序的运行结果图：

2.2单继承的有重写的虚表

1）说明:程序的结果：

           基类依然打印自己的，派生类将基类对应偏移位置的覆盖掉

2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
	Base()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:public Base
{
public:
	Derived()
	{d = 10;}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base b;
	Derived d;
	cout<<"Base::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）运行程序结果

2.3单继承的虚拟继承的无重写的虚表

1）程序运行结果说明：

     A:基类打印自己的，派生类只打印自己的，并不会打印基类的
     B:基类大小：不变
        派生类大小：要加一个偏移量，所以多八个字节
       依次是：指向派生类的虚表指针，偏移量，派生类的数据成员，
             指向基类的虚表指针，基类的数据成员
2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
	Base()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:virtual public Base
{
public:
	Derived()
	{d = 20;}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base b;
	Derived d;
	//Base* p = &d;
	cout<<"Base::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）程序运行结果：

4）对象模型分析：

2.4单继承的虚拟继承的有重写的虚表

1）程序结果分析：

    A:基类打印的不变，派生类将重写的不打印，只打印自己的
    B:基类大小：不变  
       派生类的大小：和无重写的几乎一样，不过多了一个用于区分对象的0
                            这个0加在了派生类数据成员和指向基类虚表的指针之间，
            这就是多出来的四个字节
2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
	Base()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:virtual public Base
{
public:
	Derived()
	{d = 20;}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base b;
	Derived d;
	//Base* p = &d;
	cout<<"Base::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）代码运行结果：

4）对象模型分析

2.5多继承的无重写的虚表

1）程序运行结果说明：

    A:基类1：打印自己的
    B: 基类2：打印自己的
    C:派生类：打印基类一，打印自己的
    D:大小：基类大小不变，派生类大小是基类一加基类2加自己的数据成员大小
2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base1
{
public:
	Base1()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Base2
{
public:
	Base2()
	{
		b=20;
	}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:public Base1,public Base2
{
public:
	Derived()
	{d = 30;}
	virtual void fun6()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun6()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun7()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun7()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun8()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun8()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base1 b1;
	Base2 b2;
	Derived d;
	cout<<"Base1::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b1);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Base2::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b2);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* ppn = (vpf*)*((int *)(&d)+2);
	while(*ppn)
	{
		(*ppn)();
		ppn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base1)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Base2)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）代码运行结果

4）对象模型说明

2.6多继承的有重写的虚表

1）程序运行结果说明：

    A: 执行结果：派生类覆盖了基类的，其他不变
    B: 大小：同上
2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base1
{
public:
	Base1()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Base2
{
public:
	Base2()
	{
		b=20;
	}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:public Base1,public Base2
{
public:
	Derived()
	{d = 30;}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun8()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun8()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base1 b1;
	Base2 b2;
	Derived d;
	//Base* p = &d;
	cout<<"Base1::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b1);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Base2::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b2);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* ppn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*ppn)
	{
		(*ppn)();
		ppn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base1)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Base2)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

4）对象模型解析

    这个我就不做过多的分析了。

2.8多继承的虚拟继承的无重写的虚表（虚拟继承一个基类）

1）程序运行结果说明：

     A：基类打印：基类打印自己的
     B：大小：多了偏移量，多了四个字节
2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base1
{
public:
	Base1()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Base2
{
public:
	Base2()
	{
		b=20;
	}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:virtual public Base1,public Base2
{
public:
	Derived()
	{d = 30;}
	virtual void fun6()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun6()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun7()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun7()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun8()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun8()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base1 b1;
	Base2 b2;
	Derived d;
	//Base* p = &d;
	cout<<"Base1::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b1);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Base2::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b2);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* ppn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*ppn)
	{
		(*ppn)();
		ppn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base1)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Base2)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）代码运行结果：

4）

2.9多继承的虚拟继承的无重写的虚表（虚拟继承所有的基类）

1）程序运行结果分析

     A:基类打印：基类打印自己的,派生类只打印自己的
     B:大小：多了偏移量，多了八个字节
2）举例代码

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base1
{
public:
	Base1()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Base2
{
public:
	Base2()
	{
		b=20;
	}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:virtual public Base1,virtual public Base2
{
public:
	Derived()
	{d = 30;}
	virtual void fun6()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun6()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun7()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun7()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun8()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun8()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base1 b1;
	Base2 b2;
	Derived d;
	//Base* p = &d;
	cout<<"Base1::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b1);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Base2::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b2);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* ppn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*ppn)
	{
		(*ppn)();
		ppn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base1)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Base2)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）程序运行结果

4）对象模型分析

2.10多继承的虚拟继承的有重写的虚表（虚拟继承一个基类）

1）程序运行结果说明

      A：基类不变，派生类重写的基类一未影响，二会覆盖

2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base1
{
public:
	Base1()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Base2
{
public:
	Base2()
	{
		b=20;
	}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:virtual public Base1,public Base2
{
public:
	Derived()
	{d = 30;}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun8()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun8()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base1 b1;
	Base2 b2;
	Derived d;
	//Base* p = &d;
	cout<<"Base1::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b1);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Base2::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b2);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* ppn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*ppn)
	{
		(*ppn)();
		ppn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base1)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Base2)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）程序运行结果

4）对象模型说明

2.11多继承的虚拟继承的有重写的虚表（虚拟继承所有的基类）

1）程序运行结果说明：

     A:基类不变，派生类重写的不打印，只打印自己的
     B:大小：重写的话，重写几个就多几个字节,多了一个用于区分的零在B1和D之间

2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base1
{
public:
	Base1()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base1::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Base2
{
public:
	Base2()
	{
		b=20;
	}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"Base2::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class Derived:virtual public Base1,virtual public Base2
{
public:
	Derived()
	{d = 30;}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun7()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun7()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun8()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun8()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base1 b1;
	Base2 b2;
	Derived d;
	//Base* p = &d;
	cout<<"Base1::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b1);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"Base2::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b2);
	while(*pn)
	{
		(*pn)();
		pn++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* ppn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*ppn)
	{
		(*ppn)();
		ppn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base1)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Base2)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）程序运行结果

2.12无重写普通的菱形继承

1）程序运行结果分析：

     A：不过加了虚函数，这时D内存结果是顺序继承：B,C1,C2,D, 
          （但是在C1和C2之间多了一个地址和一个数据。我的编译器是这样）
     B:  D执行结果：打印出基类B，基类C1，D
     C：执行结果的大小：28
2）举例代码：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
	Base()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class C1:public Base
{
public:
	C1()
	{
		c1=20;
	}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"C1::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"C1::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"C1::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int c1;
};
class C2:public Base
{
public:
	C2()
	{
		c2=30;
	}
	virtual void fun6()
	{
		cout<<"C2::fun6()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun7()
	{
		cout<<"C2::fun7()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun8()
	{
		cout<<"C2::fun8()"<<endl;
	}
	int c2;
};
class Derived:public C1,public C2
{
public:
	Derived()
	{
		d = 40;
	}
	virtual void fun9()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun9()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun10()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun10()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun11()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun11()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base b;
	C1 c1;
	C2 c2;
	Derived d;
	cout<<"Base::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"C1::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn1 = (vpf*)*(int *)(&c1);
	while(*pn1)
	{
		(*pn1)();
		pn1++;
	}
	cout<<"C2::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn2 = (vpf*)*(int *)(&c2);
	while(*pn2)
	{
		(*pn2)();
		pn2++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* ppn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*ppn)
	{
		(*ppn)();
		ppn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(C1)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(C2)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）代码运行结果

2.13无重写（只有一个直接基类的此处为C1）普通的菱形继承

1）程序运行结果分析

    A：D 的打印结果：打印C1，打印D
          当然C1的大小多了八个字节
    B:执行结果的大小36

2）举例代码

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
	Base()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class C1:virtual public Base
{
public:
	C1()
	{
		c1=20;
	}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"C1::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"C1::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"C1::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int c1;
};
class C2:public Base
{
public:
	C2()
	{
		c2=30;
	}
	virtual void fun6()
	{
		cout<<"C2::fun6()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun7()
	{
		cout<<"C2::fun7()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun8()
	{
		cout<<"C2::fun8()"<<endl;
	}
	int c2;
};
class Derived:public C1,public C2
{
public:
	Derived()
	{
		d = 40;
	}
	virtual void fun9()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun9()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun10()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun10()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun11()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun11()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base b;
	C1 c1;
	C2 c2;
	Derived d;
	cout<<"Base::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"C1::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn1 = (vpf*)*(int *)(&c1);
	while(*pn1)
	{
		(*pn1)();
		pn1++;
	}
	cout<<"C2::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn2 = (vpf*)*(int *)(&c2);
	while(*pn2)
	{
		(*pn2)();
		pn2++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* ppn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*ppn)
	{
		(*ppn)();
		ppn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(C1)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(C2)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）程序运行结果

2.13无重写（所有的直接基类都虚拟继承）普通的菱形继承

1）程序运行结果分析

     A：和上面的几乎一样，不同的是C2必然多了八个字节

2）举例代码;

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
	Base()
	{
		b=10;
	}
	virtual void fun0()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun0()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun1()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun1()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun2()
	{
		cout<<"Base::fun2()"<<endl;
	}
	int b;
};
class C1:virtual public Base
{
public:
	C1()
	{
		c1=20;
	}
	virtual void fun3()
	{
		cout<<"C1::fun3()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun4()
	{
		cout<<"C1::fun4()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun5()
	{
		cout<<"C1::fun5()"<<endl;
	}
	int c1;
};
class C2:virtual public Base
{
public:
	C2()
	{
		c2=30;
	}
	virtual void fun6()
	{
		cout<<"C2::fun6()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun7()
	{
		cout<<"C2::fun7()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun8()
	{
		cout<<"C2::fun8()"<<endl;
	}
	int c2;
};
class Derived:public C1,public C2
{
public:
	Derived()
	{
		d = 40;
	}
	virtual void fun9()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun9()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun10()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun10()"<<endl;
	}
	virtual void fun11()
	{
		cout<<"Derived::fun11()"<<endl;
	}
	int d;
};
typedef void (*vpf)();
void Printvpf()
{
	Base b;
	C1 c1;
	C2 c2;
	Derived d;
	cout<<"Base::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* n = (vpf*)*(int *)(&b);
	while(*n)
	{
		(*n)();
		n++;
	}
	cout<<"C1::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn1 = (vpf*)*(int *)(&c1);
	while(*pn1)
	{
		(*pn1)();
		pn1++;
	}
	cout<<"C2::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* pn2 = (vpf*)*(int *)(&c2);
	while(*pn2)
	{
		(*pn2)();
		pn2++;
	}
	cout<<"Derived::vpf"<<endl;
	vpf* ppn = (vpf*)*(int *)(&d);
	while(*ppn)
	{
		(*ppn)();
		ppn++;
	}
	cout<<sizeof(Base)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(C1)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(C2)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(Derived)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	Printvpf();
	return 0;
}

3）程序运行结果

最后要说明的:还有一些情况类似于上面的，我就不一一说明了，我写的都是比较经典的情况，希望能对大家有所帮助！