进程调度

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-09 09:53:23 发布

lamdoc

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-09 09:53:23 发布

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分类专栏： Process 文章标签： struct 算法任务 statistics linux list

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进程调度 : 决定哪个程序投入运行，何时运行以及运行多长时间。

多任务操作系统 : 能同时并发的交互执行多个进程的操作系统。

多任务系统可以分为：非抢占式多任务（cooperation multitasking）和抢占式多任务(preemptive multitasking).

时间片(timeslice): 分配给每个可运行进程的处理器时间段。

进程主动挂起自己的操作称为让步(yielding).

1. 常用进程调度的算法有以下几种：

--- 先来先服务调度算法：按进程就绪顺序来调度, 针对 SCHED_FIFO 类型的进程

--- 短进程优先调度算法：按进程所需要运行时间长短来排序

--- 高优先级优先调度算法：按进程优先级顺序

--- 时间片轮转算法：按指定时间片轮转运行进程。针对SCHED_RR任务

2. 调度器类 --- scheduler classes

Linux调度器以模块方式提供，它允许多种不同的调度算法并存，而且这些调度算法可以动态添加。

基本的调度器代码定义于 kernel/sched.c 中

2.1 CFS (Completely Fair Scheduling) --- 完全公平调度类

CFS 完全公平调度是一个针对普通进程的调度类。

Linux系统中把普通进程是标志位 SCHED_NORMAL.

CFS 算法实现定义于 kernel/sched_fair.c中。

3. Linux进程调度的实现

3.1 调度器的实体结构 struct sched_entity

定义如下

struct sched_entity {
	struct load_weight	load;		/* for load-balancing */
	struct rb_node		run_node;
	struct list_head	group_node;
	unsigned int		on_rq;

	u64			exec_start;  //开始运行时间
	u64			sum_exec_runtime;  //总共需运行多长时间
	u64			vruntime;
	u64			prev_sum_exec_runtime;

	u64			nr_migrations;

#ifdef CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
	struct sched_statistics statistics;
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_FAIR_GROUP_SCHED
	struct sched_entity	*parent;
	/* rq on which this entity is (to be) queued: */
	struct cfs_rq		*cfs_rq;
	/* rq "owned" by this entity/group: */
	struct cfs_rq		*my_q;
#endif
};

--- vruntime ： 该变量存放进程的虚拟运行时间，以ns为单位。用来记录一个程序运行了多长时间，以及他应该再运行多久。

3.2 时间记账

所有的调度器，都必须对进程运行时间记账。

update_curr()函数实现了该时间记账功能：

static void update_curr(struct cfs_rq *cfs_rq)
{
	struct sched_entity *curr = cfs_rq->curr;
	u64 now = rq_of(cfs_rq)->clock_task;
	unsigned long delta_exec;

	if (unlikely(!curr))
		return;

	/*
	 * Get the amount of time the current task was running
	 * since the last time we changed load (this cannot
	 * overflow on 32 bits):
	 */
	delta_exec = (unsigned long)(now - curr->exec_start);
	if (!delta_exec)
		return;

	__update_curr(cfs_rq, curr, delta_exec);  
	curr->exec_start = now;

	if (entity_is_task(curr)) {
		struct task_struct *curtask = task_of(curr);

		trace_sched_stat_runtime(curtask, delta_exec, curr->vruntime);
		cpuacct_charge(curtask, delta_exec);
		account_group_exec_runtime(curtask, delta_exec);
	}
}

__update_curr()根据当前可运行进程总数，对运行时间进行加权计算。

最终将上述权重值与当前运行进程的vruntime相加：

/*
 * Update the current task's runtime statistics. Skip current tasks that
 * are not in our scheduling class.
 */
static inline void
__update_curr(struct cfs_rq *cfs_rq, struct sched_entity *curr,
	      unsigned long delta_exec)
{
	unsigned long delta_exec_weighted;

	schedstat_set(curr->statistics.exec_max,
		      max((u64)delta_exec, curr->statistics.exec_max));

	curr->sum_exec_runtime += delta_exec;
	schedstat_add(cfs_rq, exec_clock, delta_exec);
	delta_exec_weighted = calc_delta_fair(delta_exec, curr);

	curr->vruntime += delta_exec_weighted;
	update_min_vruntime(cfs_rq);
}

update_curr()是系统定时器周期性调用的，vruntime 可以准确的测量给定进程的运行时间。

3.3 进程选择

当CFS需要选择下一个进程时，它会挑一个具有最小 vruntime 的进程。

这就是CFS 调度算法的核心：挑选具有最小 vruntime 的任务。

CFS 使用红黑树（rbtree）来组织可运行进程队列，并利用其快速找到最小 vruntime 值的进程。

红黑树： rbtree，是一个自平衡二叉搜索树。这是一种以树节点形式存储的数据，这些数据都会对应一个键值。

我们可以通过这些键值来快速检索节点上的数据，重要的是，通过键值检索到对应节点的速度，与整个树的节点规模成指数比关系。

3.3.1 挑选下一个任务：

static struct sched_entity *__pick_next_entity(struct cfs_rq *cfs_rq)
{
	struct rb_node *left = cfs_rq->rb_leftmost;

	if (!left)
		return NULL;

	return rb_entry(left, struct sched_entity, run_node);
}

3.3.2 向树中加入进程：

static void
enqueue_entity(struct cfs_rq *cfs_rq, struct sched_entity *se, int flags)
{
	/*
	 * Update the normalized vruntime before updating min_vruntime
	 * through callig update_curr().
	 */
	if (!(flags & ENQUEUE_WAKEUP) || (flags & ENQUEUE_WAKING))
		se->vruntime += cfs_rq->min_vruntime;

	/*
	 * Update run-time statistics of the 'current'.
	 */
	update_curr(cfs_rq);
	account_entity_enqueue(cfs_rq, se);

	if (flags & ENQUEUE_WAKEUP) {
		place_entity(cfs_rq, se, 0);
		enqueue_sleeper(cfs_rq, se);
	}

	update_stats_enqueue(cfs_rq, se);
	check_spread(cfs_rq, se);
	if (se != cfs_rq->curr)
		__enqueue_entity(cfs_rq, se);
}

/*
 * Enqueue an entity into the rb-tree:
 */
static void __enqueue_entity(struct cfs_rq *cfs_rq, struct sched_entity *se)
{
	struct rb_node **link = &cfs_rq->tasks_timeline.rb_node;
	struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
	struct sched_entity *entry;
	s64 key = entity_key(cfs_rq, se);
	int leftmost = 1;

	/*
	 * Find the right place in the rbtree:
	 */
	while (*link) {
		parent = *link;
		entry = rb_entry(parent, struct sched_entity, run_node);
		/*
		 * We dont care about collisions. Nodes with
		 * the same key stay together.
		 */
		if (key < entity_key(cfs_rq, entry)) {
			link = &parent->rb_left;
		} else {
			link = &parent->rb_right;
			leftmost = 0;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Maintain a cache of leftmost tree entries (it is frequently
	 * used):
	 */
	if (leftmost)
		cfs_rq->rb_leftmost = &se->run_node;

	rb_link_node(&se->run_node, parent, link);
	rb_insert_color(&se->run_node, &cfs_rq->tasks_timeline);
}

3.3.3 从树中删除进程

static void
dequeue_entity(struct cfs_rq *cfs_rq, struct sched_entity *se, int flags)
{
	/*
	 * Update run-time statistics of the 'current'.
	 */
	update_curr(cfs_rq);

	update_stats_dequeue(cfs_rq, se);
	if (flags & DEQUEUE_SLEEP) {
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
		if (entity_is_task(se)) {
			struct task_struct *tsk = task_of(se);

			if (tsk->state & TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE)
				se->statistics.sleep_start = rq_of(cfs_rq)->clock;
			if (tsk->state & TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE)
				se->statistics.block_start = rq_of(cfs_rq)->clock;
		}
#endif
	}

	clear_buddies(cfs_rq, se);

	if (se != cfs_rq->curr)
		__dequeue_entity(cfs_rq, se);
	account_entity_dequeue(cfs_rq, se);
	update_min_vruntime(cfs_rq);

	/*
	 * Normalize the entity after updating the min_vruntime because the
	 * update can refer to the ->curr item and we need to reflect this
	 * movement in our normalized position.
	 */
	if (!(flags & DEQUEUE_SLEEP))
		se->vruntime -= cfs_rq->min_vruntime;
}

static void __dequeue_entity(struct cfs_rq *cfs_rq, struct sched_entity *se)
{
	if (cfs_rq->rb_leftmost == &se->run_node) {
		struct rb_node *next_node;

		next_node = rb_next(&se->run_node);
		cfs_rq->rb_leftmost = next_node;
	}

	rb_erase(&se->run_node, &cfs_rq->tasks_timeline);
}

4. 调度器入口 --- schedule()

schedule() 是内核其他部分调用调度器的入口。

/*
 * schedule() is the main scheduler function.
 */
asmlinkage void __sched schedule(void)
{
	struct task_struct *prev, *next;
	unsigned long *switch_count;
	struct rq *rq;
	int cpu;

need_resched:
	preempt_disable();
	cpu = smp_processor_id();
	rq = cpu_rq(cpu);
	rcu_note_context_switch(cpu);
	prev = rq->curr;

	release_kernel_lock(prev);
need_resched_nonpreemptible:

	schedule_debug(prev);

	if (sched_feat(HRTICK))
		hrtick_clear(rq);

	raw_spin_lock_irq(&rq->lock);

	switch_count = &prev->nivcsw;
	if (prev->state && !(preempt_count() & PREEMPT_ACTIVE)) {
		if (unlikely(signal_pending_state(prev->state, prev))) {
			prev->state = TASK_RUNNING;
		} else {
			/*
			 * If a worker is going to sleep, notify and
			 * ask workqueue whether it wants to wake up a
			 * task to maintain concurrency.  If so, wake
			 * up the task.
			 */
			if (prev->flags & PF_WQ_WORKER) {
				struct task_struct *to_wakeup;

				to_wakeup = wq_worker_sleeping(prev, cpu);
				if (to_wakeup)
					try_to_wake_up_local(to_wakeup);
			}
			deactivate_task(rq, prev, DEQUEUE_SLEEP);
		}
		switch_count = &prev->nvcsw;
	}

	pre_schedule(rq, prev);

	if (unlikely(!rq->nr_running))
		idle_balance(cpu, rq);

	put_prev_task(rq, prev);
	next = pick_next_task(rq);
	clear_tsk_need_resched(prev);
	rq->skip_clock_update = 0;

	if (likely(prev != next)) {
		sched_info_switch(prev, next);
		perf_event_task_sched_out(prev, next);

		rq->nr_switches++;
		rq->curr = next;
		++*switch_count;

		context_switch(rq, prev, next); /* unlocks the rq */
		/*
		 * The context switch have flipped the stack from under us
		 * and restored the local variables which were saved when
		 * this task called schedule() in the past. prev == current
		 * is still correct, but it can be moved to another cpu/rq.
		 */
		cpu = smp_processor_id();
		rq = cpu_rq(cpu);
	} else
		raw_spin_unlock_irq(&rq->lock);

	post_schedule(rq);

	if (unlikely(reacquire_kernel_lock(prev)))
		goto need_resched_nonpreemptible;

	preempt_enable_no_resched();
	if (need_resched())
		goto need_resched;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(schedule);

runqueue --- 就是上面的 struct rq，每个CPU 都具备的一个runqueue data structure，表示准备运行的进程。
定义如下：

/*
 * This is the main, per-CPU runqueue data structure.
 *
 * Locking rule: those places that want to lock multiple runqueues
 * (such as the load balancing or the thread migration code), lock
 * acquire operations must be ordered by ascending &runqueue.
 */
struct rq {
	/* runqueue lock: */
	raw_spinlock_t lock;

	/*
	 * nr_running and cpu_load should be in the same cacheline because
	 * remote CPUs use both these fields when doing load calculation.
	 */
	unsigned long nr_running;
	#define CPU_LOAD_IDX_MAX 5
	unsigned long cpu_load[CPU_LOAD_IDX_MAX];
	unsigned long last_load_update_tick;
#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ
	u64 nohz_stamp;
	unsigned char nohz_balance_kick;
#endif
	unsigned int skip_clock_update;

	/* capture load from *all* tasks on this cpu: */
	struct load_weight load;
	unsigned long nr_load_updates;
	u64 nr_switches;

	struct cfs_rq cfs;
	struct rt_rq rt;

#ifdef CONFIG_FAIR_GROUP_SCHED
	/* list of leaf cfs_rq on this cpu: */
	struct list_head leaf_cfs_rq_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_RT_GROUP_SCHED
	struct list_head leaf_rt_rq_list;
#endif

	/*
	 * This is part of a global counter where only the total sum
	 * over all CPUs matters. A task can increase this counter on
	 * one CPU and if it got migrated afterwards it may decrease
	 * it on another CPU. Always updated under the runqueue lock:
	 */
	unsigned long nr_uninterruptible;

	struct task_struct *curr, *idle, *stop;
	unsigned long next_balance;
	struct mm_struct *prev_mm;

	u64 clock;
	u64 clock_task;

	atomic_t nr_iowait;

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	struct root_domain *rd;
	struct sched_domain *sd;

	unsigned long cpu_power;

	unsigned char idle_at_tick;
	/* For active balancing */
	int post_schedule;
	int active_balance;
	int push_cpu;
	struct cpu_stop_work active_balance_work;
	/* cpu of this runqueue: */
	int cpu;
	int online;

	unsigned long avg_load_per_task;

	u64 rt_avg;
	u64 age_stamp;
	u64 idle_stamp;
	u64 avg_idle;
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING
	u64 prev_irq_time;
#endif

	/* calc_load related fields */
	unsigned long calc_load_update;
	long calc_load_active;

#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_HRTICK
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	int hrtick_csd_pending;
	struct call_single_data hrtick_csd;
#endif
	struct hrtimer hrtick_timer;
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
	/* latency stats */
	struct sched_info rq_sched_info;
	unsigned long long rq_cpu_time;
	/* could above be rq->cfs_rq.exec_clock + rq->rt_rq.rt_runtime ? */

	/* sys_sched_yield() stats */
	unsigned int yld_count;

	/* schedule() stats */
	unsigned int sched_switch;
	unsigned int sched_count;
	unsigned int sched_goidle;

	/* try_to_wake_up() stats */
	unsigned int ttwu_count;
	unsigned int ttwu_local;

	/* BKL stats */
	unsigned int bkl_count;
#endif
};

schdule() 中会运行 pick_next_task(rq) 来选择运行下一个进程：

/*
 * Pick up the highest-prio task:
 */
static inline struct task_struct *
pick_next_task(struct rq *rq)
{
	const struct sched_class *class;
	struct task_struct *p;

	/*
	 * Optimization: we know that if all tasks are in
	 * the fair class we can call that function directly:
	 */
	if (likely(rq->nr_running == rq->cfs.nr_running)) {
		p = fair_sched_class.pick_next_task(rq);
		if (likely(p))
			return p;
	}

	for_each_class(class) {
		p = class->pick_next_task(rq);
		if (p)
			return p;
	}

	BUG(); /* the idle class will always have a runnable task */
}