[Learning-Groovy读书笔记]Functional Programming

啥是FP?

FP(Functional Programming)是一种程序风格。

• 程序可独立运行的最小单位为函数（而不是Class等)。(Function is First-class)
• 幂等性。相同的参数执行多次，执行结果与首次执行相同。(Idempotency)
• 外部更改免疫。在程序外部无法更改程序的状态。（Immutable Data Structures)

FP in Groovy - Immutable

1. 使用 final 关键字定义个别项目 immutable

   class Student {
      final String name
      Student(String name) {
      this.name = name
      }
    }
   
    def p = new Student("Peter")
    // 当注释掉显示的Contructor，编译通过。也会产生如下错误:
    // groovy.lang.ReadOnlyPropertyException: Cannot set readonly property: name for class: Student
    //def t = new Student([name:"Tom"])
    println p.name
    // println t.name
   
    // 也会产生如下错误:
    // groovy.lang.ReadOnlyPropertyException: Cannot set readonly property: name for class: Student
    //p.name="tom"
   

2. 使用 @Immutable
   可添加@Immutable， 来包含Class所有的项目不可更改，例如:

  import groovy.transform.*

  @Immutable
  class Student {
    String name
    List<String> aliaNames
  }

  def p = new Student("Peter", ["Arthur"])
  println p.name
  println p.aliaNames
  // 以下代码会产生错误：
  // groovy.lang.ReadOnlyPropertyException: Cannot set readonly property: aliaNames for class: Student
  // p.aliaNames = []
  // p.aliaNames += "Tom"

实际生成的代码如下:

@groovy.transform.ToString(includeSuperProperties = true, cache = true)
@groovy.transform.EqualsAndHashCode(cache = true)
@groovy.transform.ImmutableBase
@groovy.transform.ImmutableOptions
@groovy.transform.PropertyOptions(propertyHandler = groovy.transform.options.ImmutablePropertyHandler)
@groovy.transform.TupleConstructor(defaults = false)
@groovy.transform.MapConstructor(noArg = true, includeSuperProperties = true, includeFields = true)
@groovy.transform.KnownImmutable
public class Student extends java.lang.Object { 

    private java.lang.String name 
    private java.util.List<String> aliaNames 

}

3. 使用第三方的Immutable实现。
   使用 @Immutable(knownImmutableClasses = []) 可以使用第三方的Immutable实现。例如:

    import groovy.transform.*
    import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList
   
    @Grab("com.google.guava:guava:28.2-jre")
    @Immutable(knownImmutableClasses = [ImmutableList])
    class Student {
      String name
      ImmutableList<String> aliaNames
    }
   
    def p = new Student("Peter", ImmutableList.of("Arthur"))
    println p.name
    println p.aliaNames
    // 以下代码会产生错误：
    // groovy.lang.ReadOnlyPropertyException: Cannot set readonly property: aliaNames for class: Student
    //p.aliaNames = []
    //p.aliaNames += "Tom"
   

FP in Groovy - Groovy Curry(Groovy 咖喱?)

Groovy Curry又是Groovy比较强大的功能。能够设置Closure参数的初值，从而得到新的Closure(Function), 先看一个比较简单的例子:

def feedingPets = { pet, food  -> println "Feeding ${food} to ${pet}"}
feedingPets "fish", "cat"
feedingPets "meat", "cat"

def feedingCat = feedingPets.curry("cat")
feedingCat "fish"
feedingCat "meat"

执行结果如下:

 Feeding cat to fish
 Feeding cat to meat
 Feeding fish to cat
 Feeding meat to cat

再来看一个比较函数组合的例子：

def putAnimalToFreezer = { putAnimal ->
  println "Open the freezer"
  putAnimal()
  println "Close the freezer"
}

def putElephantsToFrezzer = putAnimalToFreezer.curry{
    println "Go to Thailand"
    println "Buy an elephant"
    println "Fly back with the elephant"
    println "Put the elephant into the freezer"
}

putElephantsToFrezzer()

执行结果如下:

Open the freezer
Go to Thailand
Buy an elephants
Flying back with the elephant
Put the elephant into the freezer
Close the freezer

Method Handles (&MethodName)

可将Class’s Method 作为Closure, 具有Closure的特性(例如可以：curry)

class HunterSchool {

    public void huntTemplate(String weapon, String target){
      println "Use ${weapon} to hunt ${target}"
    }
    
    public Closure trainToUseWeapon(String weapon) {
      return this.&huntTemplate.curry(weapon)
    }
}

def huntByPistol = new HunterSchool().trainToUseWeapon("Pistol")
huntByPistol("Beer")

执行结果如下：

Use Pistol to hunt Beer

Tail Recursion

当递归的层级很深，调用链中的函数无法返回，会造成StackOverFlowError。

而Groovy提供了 @TailRecursive Annotation可以将递归函数转为非递归的函数。
例如：

import groovy.transform.*
 
 @TailRecursive
 long totalPopulation(list, total = 0) {
    if (list.size() == 0)
        total
    else
        totalPopulation(list.tail(), total + list.first().population)
 }
 
  @Canonical class City {int population}
 def cities = (10..1000).collect{new City(it)}
 totalPopulation(cities)

执行结果如下：

Result: 500455

生成的代码(AST重写之后)如下：

import groovy.transform.*

public class script1599199449316 extends groovy.lang.Script { 

    public script1599199449316() {
    }

    public script1599199449316(groovy.lang.Binding context) {
        super(context)
    }

    public static void main(java.lang.String[] args) {
        org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.InvokerHelper.runScript(script1599199449316, args)
    }

    public java.lang.Object run() {
        java.lang.Object cities = (10..1000).collect({ 
            new City(it)
        })
        this.totalPopulation(cities)
    }

    @groovy.transform.TailRecursive
    public long totalPopulation(java.lang.Object list, java.lang.Object total = 0) {
        java.lang.Object _total_ = total 
        java.lang.Object _list_ = list 
        while (true) {
            _RECUR_HERE_:
            try {
                if (_list_.size() == 0) {
                    return _total_ 
                } else {
                    java.lang.Object __list__ = _list_ 
                    java.lang.Object __total__ = _total_ 
                    _list_ = __list__.tail()
                    _total_ = __total__ + __list__.first().population
                    continue _RECUR_HERE_
                }
            } 
            catch (org.codehaus.groovy.transform.tailrec.GotoRecurHereException ignore) {
                continue _RECUR_HERE_
            } 
            finally { 
            } 
        }
    }

}
import groovy.transform.*

@groovy.transform.ToString
@groovy.transform.TupleConstructor
@groovy.transform.EqualsAndHashCode
public class City extends java.lang.Object { 

    private int population 

}

疑问

1. Groovy Curry美中不足:，只能按照Closure的参数顺序，依次设定默认值。