目录
1.JSONPath —— xpath在json的应用
xml最大的优点就有大量的工具可以分析,转换,和选择性的提取文档中的数据。XPath是这些最强大的工具之一。
如果可以使用xpath来解析json,以下的问题可以被解决:
1,数据不使用特殊的脚本,可以在客户端交互的发现并取并获取。
2,客户机请求的JSON数据可以减少到服务器上的相关部分,这样可以最大限度地减少服务器响应的带宽使用率。
如果我们愿意,这个可以解析json数据的工具会变得有意义。随之而来的问题是它如何工作,jsonpath的表达式看起来怎么样。
事实上,json是由c系统编程语言表示自然数据,有特定语言的特定语法来访问json数据。
xpath的表达式:
/store/book[1]/title
我们可以看作是:
x.store.book[0].title
或
x['store']['book'][0]['title']
在Javascript, Python 和 PHP 中一个变量x表示json数据。经过观察,特定的语言里有内置xpath来解析数据。
JSONPath工具的问题
-依赖某种特定的语言
- 需要依赖XPath 1.0
- 减少代码量和内存的消耗
- 在运行时
2.JSONPath 表达式
JSONPath 是参照,xpath表达式来解析xml文档的方式,json数据结构通常是匿名的并且不一定需要有根元素。JSONPaht 用一个抽象的名字$来表示最外层对象。
JOSNPath 表达式可以使用. 符号如下:
$.store.book[0].title
或者使用[] 符号
$['store']['book'][0]['title']
从输入路径来看。内部或者输出的路径都会转化成-符号。
JSONPath 允许使用通配符 * 表示所以的子元素名和数组索引。还允许使用 '..' 从E4X参照过来的和数组切分语法
[start:end:step]是从ECMASCRIPT 4 参照过来的。
表达式在下面的脚本语言中可以使用显示的名称或者索引:
$.store.book[(@.length-1)].title
使用'@'符号表示当前的对象,?(<判断表达式>) 使用逻辑表达式来过滤。
$.store.book[?(@.price < 10)].title
3.jsonpath的安装及使用方式
pip安装: pip install jsonpath
4.jsonpath的使用
obj = json.load(open('json文件', 'r', encoding='utf‐8'))
ret = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, 'jsonpath语法')
5.JSONPath语法元素和对应XPath元素的对比
XPath | JSONPath | Description |
/ | $ | 表示根元素 |
. | @ | 当前元素 |
/ | . or [] | 子元素 |
.. | n/a | 父元素 |
// | .. | 递归下降,JSONPath是从E4X借鉴的。 |
* | * | 通配符,表示所有的元素 |
@ | n/a | 属性访问字符 |
[] | [] | 子元素操作符 |
| | [,] | 连接操作符在XPath 结果合并其它结点集合。JSONP允许name或者数组索引。 |
n/a | [start:end:step] | 数组分割操作从ES4借鉴。 |
[] | ?() | 应用过滤表示式 |
n/a | () | 脚本表达式,使用在脚本引擎下面。 |
() | n/a | Xpath分组 |
XPath还有很多的语法(本地路径,操作符,和函数)没有列在这里。只要知道xpath和jsonpath脚本之中的不同点就行了。
- []在xpath表达式总是从前面的路径来操作数组,索引是从1开始。
- 使用JOSNPath的[]操作符操作一个对象或者数组,索引是从0开始。
资料参考:JSONPath - XPath for JSON
6.实例
(1)商店案例
下面是一个简单的json数据结构代表一个商店,里面有书和自行车
json文件
{ "store": {
"book": [
{ "category": "修真",
"author": "六道",
"title": "坏蛋是怎样练成的",
"price": 8.95
},
{ "category": "修真",
"author": "天蚕土豆",
"title": "斗破苍穹",
"price": 12.99
},
{ "category": "修真",
"author": "唐家三少",
"title": "斗罗大陆",
"isbn": "0-553-21311-3",
"price": 8.99
},
{ "category": "修真",
"author": "我吃西红柿",
"title": "星辰变",
"isbn": "0-395-19395-8",
"price": 22.99
}
],
"bicycle": {
"author": "老马",
"color": "黑色",
"price": 19.95
}
}
}
测试内容如下:
XPath | JSONPath | 结果 |
/store/book/author | $.store.book[*].author | 书点所有书的作者 |
//author | $..author | 所有的作者 |
/store/* | $.store.* | store的所有元素。所有的bookst和bicycle |
/store//price | $.store..price | store里面所有东西的price |
//book[3] | $..book[2] | 第三个书 |
//book[last()] | $..book[(@.length-1)] | 最后一本书 |
//book[position()<3] | $..book[0,1]
| 前面的两本书。 |
//book[isbn] | $..book[?(@.isbn)] | 过滤出所有的包含isbn的书。 |
//book[price<10] | $..book[?(@.price<10)] | 过滤出价格低于10的书。 |
//* | $..* | 所有元素。 |
python代码
import json
import jsonpath
obj = json.load(open('073_尚硅谷_爬虫_解析_jsonpath.json','r',encoding='utf-8'))
# 书店所有书的作者
author_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$.store.book[*].author')
print(author_list)
# 所有的作者
author_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..author')
print(author_list)
# store下面的所有的元素
tag_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$.store.*')
print(tag_list)
# store里面所有东西的price
price_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$.store..price')
print(price_list)
# 第三个书
book = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[2]')
print(book)
# 最后一本书
book = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[(@.length-1)]')
print(book)
# 前面的两本书
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[0,1]')
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[:2]')
print(book_list)
# 条件过滤需要在()的前面添加一个?
# 过滤出所有的包含isbn的书。
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[?(@.isbn)]')
print(book_list)
# 哪本书超过了10块钱
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[?(@.price>10)]')
print(book_list)
(2) 解析淘票票的“城市选择”数据
淘票票网获取的json文件
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Python代码
import urllib.request
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# 'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'accept-language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
'cookie': 'cna=UkO6F8VULRwCAXTqq7dbS5A8; miid=949542021157939863; sgcookie=E100F01JK9XMmyoZRigjfmZKExNdRHQqPf4v9NIWIC1nnpnxyNgROLshAf0gz7lGnkKvwCnu1umyfirMSAWtubqc4g%3D%3D; tracknick=action_li; _cc_=UIHiLt3xSw%3D%3D; enc=dA18hg7jG1xapfVGPHoQCAkPQ4as1%2FEUqsG4M6AcAjHFFUM54HWpBv4AAm0MbQgqO%2BiZ5qkUeLIxljrHkOW%2BtQ%3D%3D; hng=CN%7Czh-CN%7CCNY%7C156; thw=cn; _m_h5_tk=3ca69de1b9ad7dce614840fcd015dcdb_1629776735568; _m_h5_tk_enc=ab56df54999d1d2cac2f82753ae29f82; t=874e6ce33295bf6b95cfcfaff0af0db6; xlly_s=1; cookie2=13acd8f4dafac4f7bd2177d6710d60fe; v=0; _tb_token_=e65ebbe536158; tfstk=cGhRB7mNpnxkDmUx7YpDAMNM2gTGZbWLxUZN9U4ulewe025didli6j5AFPI8MEC..; l=eBrgmF1cOsMXqSxaBO5aFurza77tzIRb8sPzaNbMiInca6OdtFt_rNCK2Ns9SdtjgtfFBetPVKlOcRCEF3apbgiMW_N-1NKDSxJ6-; isg=BBoas2yXLzHdGp3pCh7XVmpja8A8S54lyLj1RySTHq14l7vRDNufNAjpZ2MLRxa9',
'referer': 'https://dianying.taobao.com/',
'sec-ch-ua': '"Chromium";v="92", " Not A;Brand";v="99", "Google Chrome";v="92"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'empty',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'cors',
'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/92.0.4515.159 Safari/537.36',
'x-requested-with': 'XMLHttpRequest',
}
request = urllib.request.Request(url = url, headers = headers)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
content = response.read().decode('utf-8')
# split 切割,去掉获取的json文件中的开头结尾的圆括号及垃圾内容
# 以左括号为分割,取第二块数据,再以右括号为标准切割,取第一块数据
content = content.split('(')[1].split(')')[0]
with open('爬虫_解析_jsonpath解析淘票票.json','w',encoding='utf-8')as fp:
fp.write(content)
import json
import jsonpath
obj = json.load(open('爬虫_解析_jsonpath解析淘票票.json','r',encoding='utf-8'))
city_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..regionName')
print(city_list)
运行结果