随机抽样的python实现

目录

随机抽样

numpy.random 模块对 Python 内置的 random 进行了补充，增加了一些用于高效生成多种概率分
布的样本值的函数，如正态分布、泊松分布等。

• numpy.random.seed(seed=None) Seed the generator.

seed() 用于指定随机数生成时所用算法开始的整数值，如果使用相同的 seed() 值，则每次生成的随
机数都相同，如果不设置这个值，则系统根据时间来自己选择这个值，此时每次生成的随机数因时间
差异而不同。

在对数据进行预处理时，经常加入新的操作或改变处理策略，此时如果伴随着随机操作，最好还是指
定唯一的随机种子，避免由于随机的差异对结果产生影响。

离散型随机变量

二项分布

二项分布可以用于一次实验只有两种结果，各结果对应的概率相等的多次实验的概率问题。比如
处理猜10次拳赢6次的概率等类似的问题。
二项分布概率函数的数学表示：

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• numpy.random.binomial(n, p, size=None) Draw samples from a binomial distribution

表示对一个二项分布进行采样， size 表示采样的次数， n 表示做了 n 重伯努利试验， p 表示成功的
概率，函数的返回值表示 n 中成功的次数。

【例】野外正在进行9（n=9）口石油勘探井的发掘工作，每一口井能够开发出油的概率是
0.1（p=0.1）。请问，最终所有的勘探井都勘探失败的概率？

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy import stats

np.random.seed(20201125)
n = 9# 做某件事情的次数
p = 0.1# 做某件事情成功的概率
size = 50000
x = np.random.binomial(n, p, size)#成功的次数

'''
或者使用binom.rvs
使用binom.rvs(n, p, size=1)函数模拟一个二项随机变量,可视化地表现概率
y = stats.binom.rvs(n, p, size=size)#返回一个numpy.ndarray
'''
print(np.sum(x == 0) / size) # 0.3897
plt.hist(x)
plt.xlabel('随机变量：成功次数')
plt.ylabel('样本中出现的次数')
plt.show()

0.3904


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plt.hist(x)
plt.xlabel('成功次数')
plt.ylabel('样本中次数')
plt.show()

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s = stats.binom.pmf(range(10), n, p)
print(np.around(s, 3))#它返回一个列表，列表中每个元素表示随机变量中对应值的概率

[0.387 0.387 0.172 0.045 0.007 0.001 0.    0.    0.    0.   ]

【例】模拟投硬币，投2次，请问两次都为正面的概率？

import numpy as np
from scipy import stats
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
np.random.seed(20200605)
n = 2# 做某件事情的次数,这里是投两次硬币
p = 0.5#做某件事情成功的概率，在这里即投硬币为正面的概率
size = 50000
x = np.random.binomial(n, p, size)#成功的次数
'''或者使用binom.rvs
#使用binom.rvs(n, p, size=1)函数模拟一个二项随机变量,可视化地表现概率
y = stats.binom.rvs(n, p, size=size)#返回一个numpy.ndarray
'''
print(np.sum(x == 0) / size) # 0.25154
print(np.sum(x == 1) / size) # 0.49874
print(np.sum(x == 2) / size) # 0.24972
plt.hist(x, density=True)
plt.xlabel('随机变量：硬币为正面次数')
plt.ylabel('50000个样本中出现的次数')
plt.show()
#它返回一个列表，列表中每个元素表示随机变量中对应值的概率
s = stats.binom.pmf(range(n + 1), n, p)
print(np.around(s, 3))
# [0.25 0.5 0.25]

0.25154
0.49874
0.24972


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