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最近项目中使用dnf安装本地安装包遇到了2个问题,调试了蛮久,记录下来,也供大家参考。
dnf是yum的升级版,在redhat8之后yum逐渐升级为dnf,基本的功能与yum差别不是很大
本人使用dnf 4.4.2来实验,可能版本升级后有所不同。
dnf local install
dnf不仅可以安装仓库提供的rpm包,也可以安装本地打包或者下载好的rpm包。如果本地缺少依赖包,dnf也依然会去默认的仓库去拉取。
为了测试方便,我们先从仓库下载几个包下来:
# --downloadonly:仅下载,不安装
$ dnf install gcc --downloadonly --destdir ./gcc/
Last metadata expiration check: 1 day, 2:29:19 ago on Thu 19 May 2022 08:25:23 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
===========================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================================
Installing:
gcc x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 el8 23 M
Installing dependencies:
annobin x86_64 9.50-1.el8 el8 106 k
binutils x86_64 2.30-93.el8 el8 5.8 M
cpp x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 el8 10 M
glibc-devel x86_64 2.28-151.el8 el8 1.0 M
glibc-headers x86_64 2.28-151.el8 el8 477 k
isl x86_64 0.16.1-6.el8 el8 835 k
kernel-headers x86_64 4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_24 el8 2.7 M
libmpc x86_64 1.1.0-9.1.el8 el8 60 k
libpkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 34 k
libxcrypt-devel x86_64 4.1.1-4.el8 el8 24 k
pkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 37 k
pkgconf-m4 noarch 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 16 k
pkgconf-pkg-config x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 14 k
Transaction Summary
============================================================================================================
Install 14 Packages
Total download size: 45 M
Installed size: 122 M
DNF will only download packages for the transaction.
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/14): annobin-9.50-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 270 kB/s | 106 kB 00:00
(2/14): binutils-2.30-93.el8.x86_64.rpm 755 kB/s | 5.8 MB 00:07
(3/14): glibc-devel-2.28-151.el8.x86_64.rpm 486 kB/s | 1.0 MB 00:02
(4/14): glibc-headers-2.28-151.el8.x86_64.rpm 407 kB/s | 477 kB 00:01
(5/14): isl-0.16.1-6.el8.x86_64.rpm 355 kB/s | 835 kB 00:02
(6/14): kernel-headers-4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_24.x86_64.rpm 290 kB/s | 2.7 MB 00:09
(7/14): libmpc-1.1.0-9.1.el8.x86_64.rpm 230 kB/s | 60 kB 00:00
(8/14): libpkgconf-1.4.2-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 58 kB/s | 34 kB 00:00
(9/14): libxcrypt-devel-4.1.1-4.el8.x86_64.rpm 215 kB/s | 24 kB 00:00
(10/14): pkgconf-1.4.2-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 225 kB/s | 37 kB 00:00
(11/14): pkgconf-m4-1.4.2-1.el8.noarch.rpm 162 kB/s | 16 kB 00:00
(12/14): pkgconf-pkg-config-1.4.2-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 158 kB/s | 14 kB 00:00
(13/14): cpp-8.4.1-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 365 kB/s | 10 MB 00:29
(14/14): gcc-8.4.1-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 587 kB/s | 23 MB 00:40
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1.1 MB/s | 45 MB 00:41
Complete!
$ ls gcc/
annobin-9.50-1.el8.x86_64.rpm kernel-headers-4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_24.x86_64.rpm
binutils-2.30-93.el8.x86_64.rpm libmpc-1.1.0-9.1.el8.x86_64.rpm
cpp-8.4.1-1.el8.x86_64.rpm libpkgconf-1.4.2-1.el8.x86_64.rpm
gcc-8.4.1-1.el8.x86_64.rpm libxcrypt-devel-4.1.1-4.el8.x86_64.rpm
glibc-devel-2.28-151.el8.x86_64.rpm pkgconf-1.4.2-1.el8.x86_64.rpm
glibc-headers-2.28-151.el8.x86_64.rpm pkgconf-m4-1.4.2-1.el8.noarch.rpm
isl-0.16.1-6.el8.x86_64.rpm pkgconf-pkg-config-1.4.2-1.el8.x86_64.rpm
我们准备了关于gcc的这些包。然后安装就可以使用dnf local install(install):
$ dnf install ./gcc/*.rpm
Last metadata expiration check: 1 day, 2:35:00 ago on Thu 19 May 2022 08:25:23 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
===========================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================================
Installing:
annobin x86_64 9.50-1.el8 @commandline 106 k
binutils x86_64 2.30-93.el8 @commandline 5.8 M
cpp x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 @commandline 10 M
gcc x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 @commandline 23 M
glibc-devel x86_64 2.28-151.el8 @commandline 1.0 M
glibc-headers x86_64 2.28-151.el8 @commandline 477 k
isl x86_64 0.16.1-6.el8 @commandline 835 k
kernel-headers x86_64 4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_24 @commandline 2.7 M
libmpc x86_64 1.1.0-9.1.el8 @commandline 60 k
libpkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 @commandline 34 k
libxcrypt-devel x86_64 4.1.1-4.el8 @commandline 24 k
pkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 @commandline 37 k
pkgconf-m4 noarch 1.4.2-1.el8 @commandline 16 k
pkgconf-pkg-config x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 @commandline 14 k
Transaction Summary
============================================================================================================
Install 14 Packages
# ...(略)
然后就可以安装了。
dnf shell
dnf/yum提供了shell的功能,即在一个shell,可以同时执行各种操作,但是是在一个事务中完成,我们来看下例子:
$ dnf shell
Last metadata expiration check: 1 day, 2:53:04 ago on Thu 19 May 2022 08:25:23 PM EDT.
> install gcc
> install libmpc
> install nginx
> remove wget
> run
============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
============================================================================================================
Installing:
gcc x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 el8 23 M
libmpc x86_64 1.1.0-9.1.el8 el8 60 k
nginx x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.el8 el8 566 k
Installing dependencies:
annobin x86_64 9.50-1.el8 el8 106 k
binutils x86_64 2.30-93.el8 el8 5.8 M
cpp x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 el8 10 M
gd x86_64 2.2.5-7.el8 el8 143 k
glibc-devel x86_64 2.28-151.el8 el8 1.0 M
glibc-headers x86_64 2.28-151.el8 el8 477 k
isl x86_64 0.16.1-6.el8 el8 835 k
jbigkit-libs x86_64 2.1-14.el8 el8 54 k
kernel-headers x86_64 4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_24 el8 2.7 M
libXpm x86_64 3.5.12-8.el8 el8 57 k
libjpeg-turbo x86_64 1.5.3-10.el8 el8 154 k
libpkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 34 k
libtiff x86_64 4.0.9-18.el8 el8 187 k
libwebp x86_64 1.0.0-1.el8 el8 271 k
libxcrypt-devel x86_64 4.1.1-4.el8 el8 24 k
libxslt x86_64 1.1.32-6.el8 el8 249 k
nginx-all-modules noarch 1:1.14.1-9.el8 el8 22 k
nginx-filesystem noarch 1:1.14.1-9.el8 el8 23 k
nginx-mod-http-image-filter x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.el8 el8 34 k
nginx-mod-http-perl x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.el8 el8 44 k
nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.el8 el8 32 k
nginx-mod-mail x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.el8 el8 63 k
nginx-mod-stream x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.el8 el8 84 k
pkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 37 k
pkgconf-m4 noarch 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 16 k
pkgconf-pkg-config x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 14 k
Removing:
wget x86_64 1.19.5-10.el8 @el8 2.8 M
Removing unused dependencies:
libmetalink x86_64 0.1.3-7.el8 @el8 70 k
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================================
Install 29 Packages
Remove 2 Packages
Total download size: 47 M
Is this ok [y/N]:
我们看到在一个事务中,同时执行了install gcc,install libmpc,install nginx,remove wget命令,然后通过run来触发执行事务,我们便可以在这个事务同时做多个安装或者删除的操作,对于比较大型项目中,dnf shell还是比较实用的。
注意
上边说了dnf的local install及shell, 当前local install也可以在dnf shell中执行。不过也注意几个事情,我们先来看第一个要注意的点,看下例子,我们想要安装刚刚本地下来的一些gcc rpm包
$ dnf shell
Last metadata expiration check: 1 day, 3:03:23 ago on Thu 19 May 2022 08:25:23 PM EDT.
> install /root/gcc/annobin-9.50-1.el8.x86_64.rpm
> install /root/gcc/binutils-2.30-93.el8.x86_64.rpm
Error: Cannot add local packages, because transaction job already exists
哈,当我们添加第二个的时候,就报了一个不能添加local package了错误,我们执行run试试:
> run
============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================================
Installing:
annobin x86_64 9.50-1.el8 @commandline 106 k
Installing dependencies:
binutils x86_64 2.30-93.el8 el8 5.8 M
cpp x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 el8 10 M
gcc x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 el8 23 M
glibc-devel x86_64 2.28-151.el8 el8 1.0 M
glibc-headers x86_64 2.28-151.el8 el8 477 k
isl x86_64 0.16.1-6.el8 el8 835 k
kernel-headers x86_64 4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_24 el8 2.7 M
libmpc x86_64 1.1.0-9.1.el8 el8 60 k
libpkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 34 k
libxcrypt-devel x86_64 4.1.1-4.el8 el8 24 k
pkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 37 k
pkgconf-m4 noarch 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 16 k
pkgconf-pkg-config x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 14 k
可以看到Installing中只会包含第一个annobin(仓库那一栏显示@commandline),我们添加进来的binutils不会安装,只是会从repo拉取annobin的依赖包(Installing dependencies)时刚好拉取到。
那我们放置在一行(空格分开)会出现什么情况呢:
dnf shell
Last metadata expiration check: 1 day, 3:10:09 ago on Thu 19 May 2022 08:25:23 PM EDT.
> install /root/gcc/annobin-9.50-1.el8.x86_64.rpm /root/gcc/binutils-2.30-93.el8.x86_64.rpm
> run
============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
============================================================================================================
Installing:
annobin x86_64 9.50-1.el8 @commandline 106 k
binutils x86_64 2.30-93.el8 @commandline 5.8 M
Installing dependencies:
cpp x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 el8 10 M
gcc x86_64 8.4.1-1.el8 el8 23 M
glibc-devel x86_64 2.28-151.el8 el8 1.0 M
glibc-headers x86_64 2.28-151.el8 el8 477 k
isl x86_64 0.16.1-6.el8 el8 835 k
kernel-headers x86_64 4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_24 el8 2.7 M
libmpc x86_64 1.1.0-9.1.el8 el8 60 k
libpkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 34 k
libxcrypt-devel x86_64 4.1.1-4.el8 el8 24 k
pkgconf x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 37 k
pkgconf-m4 noarch 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 16 k
pkgconf-pkg-config x86_64 1.4.2-1.el8 el8 14 k
Transaction Summary
============================================================================================================
Install 14 Packages
可以看到会安装annobin及binutils两个包,也就是可以执行成功。
那么我们也就可以得到结论,使用dnf shell 安装本地包时,需要将要安装的包都写在同一行,否则只会安装第一行包。
我们也可以在dnf文档这里找到相关的记录,和我们得出的结论也是一致的:
Note that all local packages must be used in the first shell transaction subcommand (e.g. install /tmp/nodejs-1-1.x86_64.rpm /tmp/acpi-1-1.noarch.rpm) otherwise an error will occur.
总结
这里列出来本人使用dnf shell遇到的一个问题,以此共勉。主要是在dnf shell中不能多行install本地rpm包,否则只有第一行奏效。
ref
https://dnf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/command_ref.html