VueRouter: VueRouter的实现原理

vue的路由，既熟悉又陌生，堪称是最熟悉的陌生人，我们在平时的开发中一直在用，但是对其原理却知道的非常少，那么他到底是如何实现切换更新视图，却又不去请求页面的呢？我们来揭晓答案。

我们知道在我们配置路由的时候，我们会写这样的一行代码：

const router = new Router({
    mode: 'history,
    routes: routes //    routes没有引入
})

所以想要了解vue-router的原理一切都要从这个new Router()创建实例开始。很明显Router构造函数接收一个对象作为参数。routes不用多说，就是你的路由，是一个数组。mode是采用的模式。vue的路由有三种模式：其中在浏览器环境中是hash和history模式，在node环境中是abstract模式。

我们暂且不看abstract模式，只看hash和history模式。 

mode的字段，如果是history，那么就是采用history模式，如果不写或者是hash就是hash模式，如果浏览器不支持history，那么就应该是hash模式。那么源码是如何处理这个mode呢？

import { install } from './install'
import { START } from './util/route'
import { assert } from './util/warn'
import { inBrowser } from './util/dom'
import { cleanPath } from './util/path'
import { createMatcher } from './create-matcher'
import { normalizeLocation } from './util/location'
import { supportsPushState } from './util/push-state'
import { handleScroll } from './util/scroll'

import { HashHistory } from './history/hash'
import { HTML5History } from './history/html5'
import { AbstractHistory } from './history/abstract'

import type { Matcher } from './create-matcher'

import { isNavigationFailure, NavigationFailureType } from './util/errors'

export default class VueRouter {
  static install: () => void
  static version: string
  static isNavigationFailure: Function
  static NavigationFailureType: any

  app: any
  apps: Array<any>
  ready: boolean
  readyCbs: Array<Function>
  options: RouterOptions
  mode: string
  history: HashHistory | HTML5History | AbstractHistory
  matcher: Matcher
  fallback: boolean
  beforeHooks: Array<?NavigationGuard>
  resolveHooks: Array<?NavigationGuard>
  afterHooks: Array<?AfterNavigationHook>

  constructor (options: RouterOptions = {}) {
    this.app = null
    this.apps = []
    this.options = options
    this.beforeHooks = []
    this.resolveHooks = []
    this.afterHooks = []
    this.matcher = createMatcher(options.routes || [], this)

    let mode = options.mode || 'hash'
    this.fallback =
      mode === 'history' && !supportsPushState && options.fallback !== false
    if (this.fallback) {
      mode = 'hash'
    }
    if (!inBrowser) {
      mode = 'abstract'
    }
    this.mode = mode

    switch (mode) {
      case 'history':
        this.history = new HTML5History(this, options.base)
        break
      case 'hash':
        this.history = new HashHistory(this, options.base, this.fallback)
        break
      case 'abstract':
        this.history = new AbstractHistory(this, options.base)
        break
      default:
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
          assert(false, `invalid mode: ${mode}`)
        }
    }
  }

  match (raw: RawLocation, current?: Route, redirectedFrom?: Location): Route {
    return this.matcher.match(raw, current, redirectedFrom)
  }

  get currentRoute (): ?Route {
    return this.history && this.history.current
  }

  init (app: any /* Vue component instance */) {
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
      assert(
        install.installed,
        `not installed. Make sure to call \`Vue.use(VueRouter)\` ` +
          `before creating root instance.`
      )

    this.apps.push(app)

    // set up app destroyed handler
    // https://github.com/vuejs/vue-router/issues/2639
    app.$once('hook:destroyed', () => {
      // clean out app from this.apps array once destroyed
      const index = this.apps.indexOf(app)
      if (index > -1) this.apps.splice(index, 1)
      // ensure we still have a main app or null if no apps
      // we do not release the router so it can be reused
      if (this.app === app) this.app = this.apps[0] || null

      if (!this.app) {
        // clean up event listeners
        // https://github.com/vuejs/vue-router/issues/2341
        this.history.teardownListeners()
      }
    })

    // main app previously initialized
    // return as we don't need to set up new history listener
    if (this.app) {
      return
    }

    this.app = app

    const history = this.history

    if (history instanceof HTML5History || history instanceof HashHistory) {
      const handleInitialScroll = routeOrError => {
        const from = history.current
        const expectScroll = this.options.scrollBehavior
        const supportsScroll = supportsPushState && expectScroll

        if (supportsScroll && 'fullPath' in routeOrError) {
          handleScroll(this, routeOrError, from, false)
        }
      }
      const setupListeners = routeOrError => {
        history.setupListeners()
        handleInitialScroll(routeOrError)
      }
      history.transitionTo(
        history.getCurrentLocation(),
        setupListeners,
        setupListeners
      )
    }

    history.listen(route => {
      this.apps.forEach(app => {
        app._route = route
      })
    })
  }

  beforeEach (fn: Function): Function {
    return registerHook(this.beforeHooks, fn)
  }

  beforeResolve (fn: Function): Function {
    return registerHook(this.resolveHooks, fn)
  }

  afterEach (fn: Function): Function {
    return registerHook(this.afterHooks, fn)
  }

  onReady (cb: Function, errorCb?: Function) {
    this.history.onReady(cb, errorCb)
  }

  onError (errorCb: Function) {
    this.history.onError(errorCb)
  }

  push (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) {
    // $flow-disable-line
    if (!onComplete && !onAbort && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
      return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        this.history.push(location, resolve, reject)
      })
    } else {
      this.history.push(location, onComplete, onAbort)
    }
  }

  replace (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) {
    // $flow-disable-line
    if (!onComplete && !onAbort && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
      return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        this.history.replace(location, resolve, reject)
      })
    } else {
      this.history.replace(location, onComplete, onAbort)
    }
  }

  go (n: number) {
    this.history.go(n)
  }

  back () {
    this.go(-1)
  }

  forward () {
    this.go(1)
  }

  getMatchedComponents (to?: RawLocation | Route): Array<any> {
    const route: any = to
      ? to.matched
        ? to
        : this.resolve(to).route
      : this.currentRoute
    if (!route) {
      return []
    }
    return [].concat.apply(
      [],
      route.matched.map(m => {
        return Object.keys(m.components).map(key => {
          return m.components[key]
        })
      })
    )
  }

  resolve (
    to: RawLocation,
    current?: Route,
    append?: boolean
  ): {
    location: Location,
    route: Route,
    href: string,
    // for backwards compat
    normalizedTo: Location,
    resolved: Route
  } {
    current = current || this.history.current
    const location = normalizeLocation(to, current, append, this)
    const route = this.match(location, current)
    const fullPath = route.redirectedFrom || route.fullPath
    const base = this.history.base
    const href = createHref(base, fullPath, this.mode)
    return {
      location,
      route,
      href,
      // for backwards compat
      normalizedTo: location,
      resolved: route
    }
  }

  addRoutes (routes: Array<RouteConfig>) {
    this.matcher.addRoutes(routes)
    if (this.history.current !== START) {
      this.history.transitionTo(this.history.getCurrentLocation())
    }
  }
}

function registerHook (list: Array<any>, fn: Function): Function {
  list.push(fn)
  return () => {
    const i = list.indexOf(fn)
    if (i > -1) list.splice(i, 1)
  }
}

function createHref (base: string, fullPath: string, mode) {
  var path = mode === 'hash' ? '#' + fullPath : fullPath
  return base ? cleanPath(base + '/' + path) : path
}

VueRouter.install = install
VueRouter.version = '__VERSION__'
VueRouter.isNavigationFailure = isNavigationFailure
VueRouter.NavigationFailureType = NavigationFailureType

if (inBrowser && window.Vue) {
  window.Vue.use(VueRouter)
}

可以看到，这是vueRouter的源码入口文件，实现了一个VueRouter的类，这个类实现了很多的方法，类似于go,back，resolve等等，其中构造函数中的switch case部分就是对mode字段的处理。看起来是不是很简单。所以我们就是要沿着这条线来往下看。看到了对mode的处理，那么hash对应的是HashHistory构造函数。history对应的是HTML5History构造函数。下面我们就看看这俩个类做了些什么？

首先就是vueRouter实现了一个history的类，用于对整个mode模式下的公用函数的封装。这里就不做过多的介绍，源码地址：https://github.com/vuejs/vue-router/blob/dev/src/history/base.js

HashHistory

HashHistory类首先继承了History类：

/* @flow */

import type Router from '../index'
import { History } from './base'
import { cleanPath } from '../util/path'
import { getLocation } from './html5'
import { setupScroll, handleScroll } from '../util/scroll'
import { pushState, replaceState, supportsPushState } from '../util/push-state'

export class HashHistory extends History {
  constructor (router: Router, base: ?string, fallback: boolean) {
    super(router, base)
    // check history fallback deeplinking
    if (fallback && checkFallback(this.base)) {
      return
    }
    ensureSlash()
  }

  // this is delayed until the app mounts
  // to avoid the hashchange listener being fired too early
  setupListeners () {
    if (this.listeners.length > 0) {
      return
    }

    const router = this.router
    const expectScroll = router.options.scrollBehavior
    const supportsScroll = supportsPushState && expectScroll

    if (supportsScroll) {
      this.listeners.push(setupScroll())
    }

    const handleRoutingEvent = () => {
      const current = this.current
      if (!ensureSlash()) {
        return
      }
      this.transitionTo(getHash(), route => {
        if (supportsScroll) {
          handleScroll(this.router, route, current, true)
        }
        if (!supportsPushState) {
          replaceHash(route.fullPath)
        }
      })
    }
    const eventType = supportsPushState ? 'popstate' : 'hashchange'
    window.addEventListener(
      eventType,
      handleRoutingEvent
    )
    this.listeners.push(() => {
      window.removeEventListener(eventType, handleRoutingEvent)
    })
  }

  push (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) {
    const { current: fromRoute } = this
    this.transitionTo(
      location,
      route => {
        pushHash(route.fullPath)
        handleScroll(this.router, route, fromRoute, false)
        onComplete && onComplete(route)
      },
      onAbort
    )
  }

  replace (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) {
    const { current: fromRoute } = this
    this.transitionTo(
      location,
      route => {
        replaceHash(route.fullPath)
        handleScroll(this.router, route, fromRoute, false)
        onComplete && onComplete(route)
      },
      onAbort
    )
  }

  go (n: number) {
    window.history.go(n)
  }

  ensureURL (push?: boolean) {
    const current = this.current.fullPath
    if (getHash() !== current) {
      push ? pushHash(current) : replaceHash(current)
    }
  }

  getCurrentLocation () {
    return getHash()
  }
}

function checkFallback (base) {
  const location = getLocation(base)
  if (!/^\/#/.test(location)) {
    window.location.replace(cleanPath(base + '/#' + location))
    return true
  }
}

function ensureSlash (): boolean {
  const path = getHash()
  if (path.charAt(0) === '/') {
    return true
  }
  replaceHash('/' + path)
  return false
}

export function getHash (): string {
  // We can't use window.location.hash here because it's not
  // consistent across browsers - Firefox will pre-decode it!
  let href = window.location.href
  const index = href.indexOf('#')
  // empty path
  if (index < 0) return ''

  href = href.slice(index + 1)
  // decode the hash but not the search or hash
  // as search(query) is already decoded
  // https://github.com/vuejs/vue-router/issues/2708
  const searchIndex = href.indexOf('?')
  if (searchIndex < 0) {
    const hashIndex = href.indexOf('#')
    if (hashIndex > -1) {
      href = decodeURI(href.slice(0, hashIndex)) + href.slice(hashIndex)
    } else href = decodeURI(href)
  } else {
    href = decodeURI(href.slice(0, searchIndex)) + href.slice(searchIndex)
  }

  return href
}

function getUrl (path) {
  const href = window.location.href
  const i = href.indexOf('#')
  const base = i >= 0 ? href.slice(0, i) : href
  return `${base}#${path}`
}

function pushHash (path) {
  if (supportsPushState) {
    pushState(getUrl(path))
  } else {
    window.location.hash = path
  }
}

function replaceHash (path) {
  if (supportsPushState) {
    replaceState(getUrl(path))
  } else {
    window.location.replace(getUrl(path))
  }
}

从源码中可以看到：HashHistory类实现了一系列的方法。

1 $router.push() //调用方法

2 HashHistory.push() //根据hash模式调用,设置hash并添加到浏览器历史记录（添加到栈顶）（window.location.hash= XXX）

3 History.transitionTo() //监测更新，更新则调用History.updateRoute()

4 History.updateRoute() //更新路由

5 {app._route= route} //替换当前app路由

6 vm.render() //更新视图

HashHistory.push() **将新路由添加到浏览器访问历史的栈顶，然后开始改变路由：

 HashHistory.replace()方法与push()方法不同之处在于，它并不是将新路由添加到浏览器访问历史的栈顶，而是替换掉当前的路由.

HTML5History

History interface是浏览器历史记录栈提供的接口，通过back(), forward(), go()等方法，我们可以读取浏览器历史记录栈的信息，进行各种跳转操作。

从HTML5开始，History interface有进一步修炼：pushState(), replaceState() 这下不仅是读取了，还可以对浏览器历史记录栈进行修改：

window.history.pushState(stateObject, title, URL)window.history.replaceState(stateObject, title, URL)

/* @flow */

import type Router from '../index'
import { History } from './base'
import { cleanPath } from '../util/path'
import { START } from '../util/route'
import { setupScroll, handleScroll } from '../util/scroll'
import { pushState, replaceState, supportsPushState } from '../util/push-state'

export class HTML5History extends History {
  _startLocation: string

  constructor (router: Router, base: ?string) {
    super(router, base)

    this._startLocation = getLocation(this.base)
  }

  setupListeners () {
    if (this.listeners.length > 0) {
      return
    }

    const router = this.router
    const expectScroll = router.options.scrollBehavior
    const supportsScroll = supportsPushState && expectScroll

    if (supportsScroll) {
      this.listeners.push(setupScroll())
    }

    const handleRoutingEvent = () => {
      const current = this.current

      // Avoiding first `popstate` event dispatched in some browsers but first
      // history route not updated since async guard at the same time.
      const location = getLocation(this.base)
      if (this.current === START && location === this._startLocation) {
        return
      }

      this.transitionTo(location, route => {
        if (supportsScroll) {
          handleScroll(router, route, current, true)
        }
      })
    }
    window.addEventListener('popstate', handleRoutingEvent)
    this.listeners.push(() => {
      window.removeEventListener('popstate', handleRoutingEvent)
    })
  }

  go (n: number) {
    window.history.go(n)
  }

  push (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) {
    const { current: fromRoute } = this
    this.transitionTo(location, route => {
      pushState(cleanPath(this.base + route.fullPath))
      handleScroll(this.router, route, fromRoute, false)
      onComplete && onComplete(route)
    }, onAbort)
  }

  replace (location: RawLocation, onComplete?: Function, onAbort?: Function) {
    const { current: fromRoute } = this
    this.transitionTo(location, route => {
      replaceState(cleanPath(this.base + route.fullPath))
      handleScroll(this.router, route, fromRoute, false)
      onComplete && onComplete(route)
    }, onAbort)
  }

  ensureURL (push?: boolean) {
    if (getLocation(this.base) !== this.current.fullPath) {
      const current = cleanPath(this.base + this.current.fullPath)
      push ? pushState(current) : replaceState(current)
    }
  }

  getCurrentLocation (): string {
    return getLocation(this.base)
  }
}

export function getLocation (base: string): string {
  let path = decodeURI(window.location.pathname)
  if (base && path.toLowerCase().indexOf(base.toLowerCase()) === 0) {
    path = path.slice(base.length)
  }
  return (path || '/') + window.location.search + window.location.hash
}

可以看到，其实HTML5History模式和hashHistory很像，但是HTML5History改变路由的方式，是通过调用html5的pushState,popState等方法，对历史栈进行修改的。这是二者的本质区别。

读源码，知原理。。。