异常页面显示
可以通过在 springMVC 的配置文件中,配置异常信息解析器SimpleMappingExceptionResolver
,实现对指定的异常进行页面跳转。
springMVC 配置文件:
<!-- 配置异常解析器 -->
<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleMappingExceptionResolver">
<property name="exceptionMappings">
<props>
<!-- key为异常的全类名,prop标签内为发生该异常后要跳转到的页面名称,即视图名称,最终根据视图解析器跳转到最终页面 -->
<prop key="java.lang.NullPointerException">NullPointException</prop>
<!-- 可以配置多个异常 -->
<!-- <prop key=""></prop> -->
</props>
</property>
</bean>
控制层:
@Controller
public class TestException {
@RequestMapping("/exception")
public String myException() {
//模拟空指针异常
String str = null;
System.out.println(str.charAt(0));
return "success";
}
}
页面:
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>NullPointerException</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>请求异常,请稍后重试!</h3>
</body>
</html>
运行流程
- 用户向服务器发送请求,请求被SpringMVC 前端控制器 DispatcherServlet捕获;
- DispatcherServlet对请求URL进行解析,得到请求资源标识符(URI):
判断请求URI对应的映射
①不存在:
再判断是否配置了mvc:default-servlet-handler:
如果没配置,则控制台报映射查找不到,客户端展示404错误
如果有配置,则执行目标资源(一般为静态资源,如:JS,CSS,HTML)
②存在:
执行下面流程 - 根据该URI,调用HandlerMapping获得该Handler配置的所有相关的对象(包括Handler对象以及Handler对象对应的拦截器),最后以HandlerExecutionChain对象的形式返回;
- DispatcherServlet 根据获得的Handler,选择一个合适的HandlerAdapter。
- 如果成功获得HandlerAdapter后,此时将开始执行拦截器的preHandler(…)方法【正向】
- 提取Request中的模型数据,填充Handler入参,开始执行Handler(Controller)方法,处理请求。在填充Handler的入参过程中,根据你的配置,Spring将帮你做一些额外的工作:
①HttpMessageConveter: 将请求消息(如Json、xml等数据)转换成一个对象,将对象转换为指定的响应信息
②数据转换:对请求消息进行数据转换。如String转换成Integer、Double等
③数据根式化:对请求消息进行数据格式化。 如将字符串转换成格式化数字或格式化日期等
④数据验证: 验证数据的有效性(长度、格式等),验证结果存储到BindingResult或Error中 - Handler执行完成后,向DispatcherServlet 返回一个ModelAndView对象;
- 此时将开始执行拦截器的postHandle(…)方法【逆向】
- 根据返回的ModelAndView(此时会判断是否存在异常:如果存在异常,则执行HandlerExceptionResolver进行异常处理)选择一个适合的ViewResolver(必须是已经注册到Spring容器中的ViewResolver)返回给DispatcherServlet,根据Model和View,来渲染视图
- 在返回给客户端时需要执行拦截器的AfterCompletion方法【逆向】
- 将渲染结果返回给客户端
spring 与 springMVC 整合
底层实现原理
- 如何加载 spring 配置文件?
通过 ServletContextListener 监听器,在项目启动时就加载 spring 配置文件。 - 如何避免扫描组件时,spring 与 springMVC 重复创建同一个对象?
spring 扫描除了 @Controller 注解以外的全部注解,springMVC 只扫描控制层的包。 - 在控制层或其他位置,想要单独获取某一个 bean 对象时,如何获取?
将加载 spring 配置文件的类对象(如 ClassPathXmlApplicationContext 对象)保存到 ServletContext 域中,在想要获取对象的位置,只需要获取该域对象,调用 getBean() 方法即可。
监听器
public class MyListener implements ServletContextListener{
@Override
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent sce) {
}
@Override
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent sce) {
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");
ServletContext servletContext = sce.getServletContext();
servletContext.setAttribute("applicationContext", context);
}
web.xml
<listener>
<listener-class>com.mcc.springMVC.MyListener</listener-class>
</listener>
springMVC 配置文件
<!-- 开启组件扫描 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.mcc.springMVC.webController"></context:component-scan>
<!-- 视图解析器 -->
<bean id="view" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/view/"></property>
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp"></property>
</bean>
<!-- 开启MVC驱动 -->
<mvc:annotation-driven/>
<!-- 使用Tomcat默认处理器 -->
<mvc:default-servlet-handler/>
spring 配置文件
<context:component-scan base-package="com.mcc.springMVC">
<context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
</context:component-scan>
控制层
@RequestMapping("/teacher")
public String testTeacher(HttpSession session) {
ServletContext context = session.getServletContext();
ApplicationContext applicationContext = (ApplicationContext)context.getAttribute("applicationContext");
Teacher teacher = applicationContext.getBean("teacher", Teacher.class);
teacher.settName("MCC");
System.out.println("teacher: "+teacher.gettName());
return "success";
}
spring 提供的实现方法
spring 中提供一个写好的 ServletContextListener,该监听器封装了加载 spring 配置文件的一系列操作,实现步骤:
(1)在 web.xml 中配置ContextLoaderListener
,通过<context-param>
标签,设置 spring 配置文件的位置(contextConfigLocation
属性)。
<!-- needed for ContextLoaderListener -->
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:spring.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<!-- Bootstraps the root web application context before servlet initialization -->
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
(2)springMVC 配置文件中,只扫描控制层的包
<!-- 开启组件扫描 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.mcc.springMVC.webController"></context:component-scan>
<!-- 视图解析器 -->
<bean id="view" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/view/"></property>
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp"></property>
</bean>
<!-- 开启MVC驱动 -->
<mvc:annotation-driven/>
<!-- 使用Tomcat默认处理器 -->
<mvc:default-servlet-handler/>
(3)spring 配置文件中,扫描除了@Controller 注解以外的全部注解。
<context:component-scan base-package="com.mcc.springMVC">
<context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
</context:component-scan>
(4)如果想要获取加载 spring 配置文件的 ClassPathXmlApplicationContext 对象,在源码中,将该对象保存在 ServletContext 域中,key 为:WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE
@RequestMapping("/teacher")
public String testTeacher(HttpSession session) {
ServletContext context = session.getServletContext();
String attributeName = WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE;
ApplicationContext applicationContext = (ApplicationContext)context.getAttribute(attributeName);
Teacher teacher = applicationContext.getBean("teacher", Teacher.class);
teacher.settName("MCC");
System.out.println("teacher: "+teacher.gettName());
return "success";
}
完整测试代码
web.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd" version="4.0">
<display-name>springAndspringMVC</display-name>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
<!-- 配置编码器 -->
<filter>
<filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>encoding</param-name>
<param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
<!-- 配置REST请求方式 -->
<filter>
<filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
<!-- The front controller of this Spring Web application, responsible for handling all application requests -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>springDispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:springMVC.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<!-- Map all requests to the DispatcherServlet for handling -->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>springDispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<!-- needed for ContextLoaderListener -->
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:spring.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<!-- Bootstraps the root web application context before servlet initialization -->
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
</web-app>
spring.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
<context:component-scan base-package="com.mcc.springMVC">
<context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
</context:component-scan>
</beans>
springMVC.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.3.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!-- 开启组件扫描 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.mcc.springMVC.webController"></context:component-scan>
<!-- 视图解析器 -->
<bean id="view" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/view/"></property>
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp"></property>
</bean>
<!-- 开启MVC驱动 -->
<mvc:annotation-driven/>
<!-- 使用Tomcat默认处理器 -->
<mvc:default-servlet-handler/>
</beans>
WebController.java
package com.mcc.springMVC.webController;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;
import com.mcc.springMVC.pojo.Student;
import com.mcc.springMVC.pojo.Teacher;
@Controller
public class WebController {
@Autowired
private Student student;
@RequestMapping("/student")
public String testStudent() {
student.setStuName("mcc");
System.out.println("student: "+student.getStuName());
return "success";
}
@RequestMapping("/teacher")
public String testTeacher(HttpSession session) {
ServletContext context = session.getServletContext();
String attributeName = WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE;
ApplicationContext applicationContext = (ApplicationContext)context.getAttribute(attributeName);
Teacher teacher = applicationContext.getBean("teacher", Teacher.class);
teacher.settName("MCC");
System.out.println("teacher: "+teacher.gettName());
return "success";
}
}
Student.java
package com.mcc.springMVC.pojo;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class Student {
private String stuName;
public Student() {
super();
}
public Student(String stuName) {
super();
this.stuName = stuName;
}
public String getStuName() {
return stuName;
}
public void setStuName(String stuName) {
this.stuName = stuName;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student [stuName=" + stuName + "]";
}
}
Teacher.java
package com.mcc.springMVC.pojo;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class Teacher {
private String tName;
public Teacher() {
super();
}
public Teacher(String tName) {
super();
this.tName = tName;
}
public String gettName() {
return tName;
}
public void settName(String tName) {
this.tName = tName;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Teacher [tName=" + tName + "]";
}
}