多表查询与练习

1.多表查询分类讲解

1.1 等值连接 vs 非等值连接

SELECT employees.last_name, departments.department_name,employees.department_id
FROM employees, departments
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;
-- 简化：使用别名可以提高查询效率
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e , departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id;

【强制】对于数据库中表记录的查询和变更，只要涉及多个表，都需要在列名前加表的别名（或
表名）进行限定。

1.2 连接多个表：连接 n个表,至少需要n-1个连接条件。

1.3 内连接和外连接

内连接:合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行，结果集中不包括一个表和另一个表不匹配的行

SELECT employee_id,department_name
 FROM employee e,department d WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

*外连接：合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行，结果集中除了包含一个表与另一个表匹配的行之外，还查询到了左表或者右表中不匹配的行
外连接的分类:左外连接，右外连接，满外连接

2 sql99语法实现多表查询

2.1 sql99实现内连接

SELECT last_name,department_name,city FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id` JOIN locations l ON d.`locaction_id` =l.`location_id`;

2.2 sql99实现外连接

练习:查询所有的员工的last_name,department_name信息
左外连接:

SELECT last_name,department_name FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

右外连接:

SELECT last_name,department_name FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

mysql不支持full join on

3 多表查询练习1

• 1.显示所有员工的姓名，部门号和部门名称

SELECT 	last_name, e.department_id, department_name FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d ON
e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

2.查询90号部门员工的job_id和90号部门的location_id

SELECT job_id, location_id FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id` AND e.`department_id` = 90;

3.选择所有有奖金的员工的 last_name , department_name , location_id ,city

SELECT last_name, department_name, d.location_id, city FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id` LEFT JOIN locations l ON d.`location_id` = l.`location_id` WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;

4.选择city在Toronto工作的员工的 last_name , job_id , department_id ,department_name

SELECT last_name , job_id , e.department_id , department_name
FROM employees e, departments d, locations l
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`
AND city = 'Toronto';

5．查询员工所在的部门名称、部门地址、姓名、工作、工资，其中员工所在部门的部门名称为’Executive’

SELECT department_name, street_address, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`
WHERE department_name = 'Executive'

6. 选择指定员工的姓名，员工号，以及他的管理者的姓名和员工号，结果类似于下面的格式

SELECT emp.last_name employees, emp.employee_id "Emp#", mgr.last_name manager,
mgr.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees emp
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;

7. 查询哪些部门没有员工

SELECT d.department_id
FROM departments d LEFT JOIN employees e
ON e.department_id = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.department_id IS NULL

8. 查询哪个城市没有部门

SELECT l.location_id,l.city
FROM locations l LEFT JOIN departments d
ON l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
WHERE d.`location_id` IS NULL

9. 查询部门名为 Sales 或 IT 的员工信息

SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
AND d.`department_name` IN ('Sales','IT');

4 多表查询练习2

储备：建表操作：
CREATE TABLE `t_dept` (
`id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`deptName` VARCHAR(30) DEFAULT NULL,
`address` VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
CREATE TABLE `t_emp` (
`id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`age` INT(3) DEFAULT NULL,
`deptId` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL,
empno int not null,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_dept_id` (`deptId`)
#CONSTRAINT `fk_dept_id` FOREIGN KEY (`deptId`) REFERENCES `t_dept` (`id`)
) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

INSERT INTO t_dept(deptName,address) VALUES('华山','华山');
INSERT INTO t_dept(deptName,address) VALUES('丐帮','洛阳');
INSERT INTO t_dept(deptName,address) VALUES('峨眉','峨眉山');
INSERT INTO t_dept(deptName,address) VALUES('武当','武当山');
INSERT INTO t_dept(deptName,address) VALUES('明教','光明顶');
INSERT INTO t_dept(deptName,address) VALUES('少林','少林寺');
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('风清扬',90,1,100001);
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('岳不群',50,1,100002);
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('令狐冲',24,1,100003);
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('洪七公',70,2,100004);
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('乔峰',35,2,100005);
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('灭绝师太',70,3,100006);
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('周芷若',20,3,100007);
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('张三丰',100,4,100008);
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('张无忌',25,5,100009);
INSERT INTO t_emp(NAME,age,deptId,empno) VALUES('韦小宝',18,null,100010);

4.1 所有有门派的人员信息（ A、B两表共有）

select *
from t_emp a inner join t_dept b
on a.deptId = b.id;

4.2 列出所有用户，并显示其机构信息（A的全集）

select *
from t_emp a left join t_dept b
on a.deptId = b.id;

4.3 列出所有门派（B的全集）

select *
from t_dept b;

4.4 所有不入门派的人员

select *
from t_emp a left join t_dept b
on a.deptId = b.id
where b.id is null;

4.5 所有没人入的门派（B的独有）

select *
from t_dept b left join t_emp a
on a.deptId = b.id
where a.deptId is null

4.6 列出所有人员和机构的对照关系(AB全有)

#MySQL Full Join的实现 因为MySQL不支持FULL JOIN,下面是替代方法
#left join + union(可去除重复数据)+ right join
SELECT *
FROM t_emp A LEFT JOIN t_dept B
ON A.deptId = B.id
UNION
SELECT *
FROM t_emp A RIGHT JOIN t_dept B
ON A.deptId = B.id

4.7 列出所有没入派的人员和没人入的门派(A的独有+B的独有）

#MySQL Full Join的实现 因为MySQL不支持FULL JOIN,下面是替代方法
#left join + union(可去除重复数据)+ right join
SELECT *
FROM t_emp A LEFT JOIN t_dept B
ON A.deptId = B.id
WHERE B.`id` IS NULL
UNION
SELECT *
FROM t_emp A RIGHT JOIN t_dept B
ON A.deptId = B.id
WHERE A.`deptId` IS NULL;