Python常⽤的绘图⼯具包括： matplotlib, seaborn, plotly等，以及⼀些其他专⽤于绘制某类图如 词云图等的包，描绘绘图轨迹的 turtle包等。本章节将会使⽤⼀些例⼦由易到难的阐述绘图的经典⼩ 例⼦，⽬前共收录 27个。
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turtle绘制奥运五环
turtle绘图的函数⾮常好⽤，基本看到函数名字，就能知道它的含义，下⾯使⽤turtle，仅⽤15⾏代码来 绘制奥运五环图。
# 导入库 import turtle as p # 定义画圆函数 def drawCircle(x,y,c="red"): p.pu()# 抬起画笔 p.goto(x,y) # 绘制圆的起始位置 p.pd()# 放下画笔 p.color(c)# 绘制c⾊圆环 p.circle(30,360) #绘制圆：半径，⾓度 # 画笔基本设置 p.pensize(3) # 画笔尺⼨设置3 # 开始绘制，调用函数 drawCircle(0,0,'blue') drawCircle(60,0,'black') drawCircle(120,0,'red') drawCircle(90,-30,'green') drawCircle(30,-30,'yellow') p.done() -
turtle绘制漫天雪花
# 导⼊模块 # 导⼊ turtle库和 python的 random import turtle as p import random # 绘制雪花 def snow(snow_count): p.hideturtle() p.speed(500) p.pensize(2) for i in range(snow_count): r = random.random() g = random.random() b = random.random() p.pencolor(r, g, b) p.pu() p.goto(random.randint(-350, 350), random.randint(1, 270)) p.pd() dens = random.randint(8, 12) snowsize = random.randint(10, 14) for _ in range(dens): p.forward(snowsize) # 向当前画笔⽅向移动snowsize像素长度 p.backward(snowsize) # 向当前画笔相反⽅向移动snowsize像素长度 p.right(360 / dens) # 顺时针移动360 / dens度 # 绘制地面 def ground(ground_line_count): p.hideturtle() p.speed(500) for i in range(ground_line_count): p.pensize(random.randint(5, 10)) x = random.randint(-400, 350) y = random.randint(-280, -1) r = -y / 280 g = -y / 280 b = -y / 280 p.pencolor(r, g, b) p.penup() # 抬起画笔 p.goto(x, y) # 让画笔移动到此位置 p.pendown() # 放下画笔 p.forward(random.randint(40, 100)) # 眼当前画笔⽅向向前移动40~100距离 # 主函数 def main(): p.setup(800, 600, 0, 0) # p.tracer(False) p.bgcolor("black") snow(30) ground(30) # p.tracer(True) p.mainloop() main() -
wordcloud词云图
import hashlib import pandas as pd from wordcloud import WordCloud geo_data=pd.read_excel(r"文件.xlsx") print(geo_data) words = ','.join(x for x in geo_data['city'] if x != []) #筛选出⾮空列表值 wc = WordCloud( background_color="green", #背景颜⾊"green"绿⾊ max_words=100, #显⽰最⼤词数 font_path='./fonts/simhei.ttf', #显⽰中⽂ min_font_size=5, max_font_size=100, width=500 #图幅宽度 ) x = wc.generate(words) x.to_file('图片.png') -
plotly画柱状图和折线图
#柱状图+折线图 import plotly.graph_objects as go fig = go.Figure() fig.add_trace( go.Scatter( x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], y=[1.5, 1, 1.3, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9] )) fig.add_trace( go.Bar( x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], y=[2, 0.5, 0.7, -1.2, 0.3, 0.4] )) fig.show() -
seaborn热力图
# 导⼊库 import seaborn as sns import pandas as pd import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # ⽣成数据集 data = np.random.random((6,6)) np.fill_diagonal(data,np.ones(6)) features = ["prop1","prop2","prop3","prop4","prop5", "prop6"] data = pd.DataFrame(data, index = features, columns=features) print(data) # 绘制热⼒图 heatmap_plot = sns.heatmap(data, center=0, cmap='gist_rainbow') plt.show() -
matplotlib折线图
模块名称：example_utils.py，⾥⾯包括三个函数，各⾃功能如下：
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # 创建画图fig和axes def setup_axes(): fig, axes = plt.subplots(ncols=3, figsize=(6.5,3)) for ax in fig.axes: ax.set(xticks=[], yticks=[]) fig.subplots_adjust(wspace=0, left=0, right=0.93) return fig, axes # 图⽚标题 def title(fig, text, y=0.9): fig.suptitle(text, size=14, y=y, weight='semibold', x=0.98, ha='right', bbox=dict(boxstyle='round', fc='floralwhite', ec='#8B7E66', lw=2)) # 为数据添加⽂本注释 def label(ax, text, y=0): ax.annotate(text, xy=(0.5, 0.00), xycoords='axes fraction', ha='center', style='italic', bbox=dict(boxstyle='round', facecolor='floralwhite', ec='#8B7E66'))import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import example_utils x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100) fig, axes = example_utils.setup_axes() for ax in axes: ax.margins(y=0.10) # ⼦图1 默认plot多条线，颜⾊系统分配 for i in range(1, 6): axes[0].plot(x, i * x) # ⼦图2 展⽰线的不同linestyle for i, ls in enumerate(['-', '--', ':', '-.']): axes[1].plot(x, np.cos(x) + i, linestyle=ls) # ⼦图3 展⽰线的不同linestyle和marker for i, (ls, mk) in enumerate(zip(['', '-', ':'], ['o', '^', 's'])): axes[2].plot(x, np.cos(x) + i * x, linestyle=ls, marker=mk, markevery=10) # 设置标题 # example_utils.title(fig, '"ax.plot(x, y, ...)": Lines and/or markers', y=0.95) # 保存图⽚ fig.savefig('plot_example.png', facecolor='none') # 展⽰图⽚ plt.show() -
matplotlib散点图
""" 散点图的基本⽤法 """ import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import example_utils # 随机⽣成数据 np.random.seed(1874) x, y, z = np.random.normal(0, 1, (3, 100)) t = np.arctan2(y, x) size = 50 * np.cos(2 * t)**2 + 10 fig, axes = example_utils.setup_axes() # ⼦图1 axes[0].scatter(x, y, marker='o', color='darkblue', facecolor='white', s=80) example_utils.label(axes[0], 'scatter(x, y)') # ⼦图2 axes[1].scatter(x, y, marker='s', color='darkblue', s=size) example_utils.label(axes[1], 'scatter(x, y, s)') # ⼦图3 axes[2].scatter(x, y, s=size, c=z, cmap='gist_ncar') example_utils.label(axes[2], 'scatter(x, y, s, c)') # example_utils.title(fig, '"ax.scatter(...)": Colored/scaled markers', # y=0.95) fig.savefig('scatter_example.png', facecolor='none') plt.show() -
matplotlib柱状图
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import example_utils def main(): fig, axes = example_utils.setup_axes() basic_bar(axes[0]) tornado(axes[1]) general(axes[2]) # example_utils.title(fig, '"ax.bar(...)": Plot rectangles') fig.savefig('bar_example.png', facecolor='none') plt.show() # ⼦图1 def basic_bar(ax): y = [1, 3, 4, 5.5, 3, 2] err = [0.2, 1, 2.5, 1, 1, 0.5] x = np.arange(len(y)) ax.bar(x, y, yerr=err, color='lightblue', ecolor='black') ax.margins(0.05) ax.set_ylim(bottom=0) example_utils.label(ax, 'bar(x, y, yerr=e)') # ⼦图2 def tornado(ax): y = np.arange(8) x1 = y + np.random.random(8) + 1 x2 = y + 3 * np.random.random(8) + 1 ax.barh(y, x1, color='lightblue') ax.barh(y, -x2, color='salmon') ax.margins(0.15) example_utils.label(ax, 'barh(x, y)') # ⼦图3 def general(ax): num = 10 left = np.random.randint(0, 10, num) bottom = np.random.randint(0, 10, num) width = np.random.random(num) + 0.5 height = np.random.random(num) + 0.5 ax.bar(left, height, width, bottom, color='salmon') ax.margins(0.15) example_utils.label(ax, 'bar(l, h, w, b)') mian() -
matplotlib等高线图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np from matplotlib.cbook import get_sample_data import example_utils z = np.load(get_sample_data('bivariate_normal.npy')) fig, axes = example_utils.setup_axes() axes[0].contour(z, cmap='gist_earth') example_utils.label(axes[0], 'contour') axes[1].contourf(z, cmap='gist_earth') example_utils.label(axes[1], 'contourf') axes[2].contourf(z, cmap='gist_earth') cont = axes[2].contour(z, colors='black') axes[2].clabel(cont, fontsize=6) example_utils.label(axes[2], 'contourf + contour\n + clabel') # example_utils.title(fig, '"contour, contourf, clabel": Contour/label 2D data', # y=0.96) fig.savefig('contour_example.png', facecolor='none') plt.show() -
imshow图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np from matplotlib.cbook import get_sample_data from mpl_toolkits import axes_grid1 import example_utils def main(): fig, axes = setup_axes() plot(axes, *load_data()) # example_utils.title(fig, '"ax.imshow(data, ...)": Colormapped or RGB arrays') fig.savefig('imshow_example.png', facecolor='none') plt.show() def plot(axes, img_data, scalar_data, ny): # 默认线性插值 axes[0].imshow(scalar_data, cmap='gist_earth', extent=[0, ny, ny, 0]) # 最近邻插值 axes[1].imshow(scalar_data, cmap='gist_earth', interpolation='nearest', extent=[0, ny, ny, 0]) # 展⽰RGB/RGBA数据 axes[2].imshow(img_data) def load_data(): img_data = plt.imread(get_sample_data('5.png')) ny, nx, nbands = img_data.shape scalar_data = np.load(get_sample_data('bivariate_normal.npy')) return img_data, scalar_data, ny def setup_axes(): fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 3)) axes = axes_grid1.ImageGrid(fig, [0, 0, .93, 1], (1, 3), axes_pad=0) for ax in axes: ax.set(xticks=[], yticks=[]) return fig, axes main() -
pyecharts绘制仪表盘
from pyecharts import charts # 仪表盘 gauge = charts.Gauge() gauge.add('Python⼩例⼦', [('Python机器学习', 30), ('Python基础', 70.), ('Python正则', 90)]) gauge.render(path="C:/jupyter_notebook/venv_env/myhtml/仪表盘.html") print('ok') -
pyecharts漏斗图
from pyecharts import options as opts from pyecharts.charts import Funnel, Page from random import randint def funnel_base() -> Funnel: c = ( Funnel() .add("豪车", [list(z) for z in zip(['宝马', '法拉利', '奔驰', '奥迪', '⼤众', '丰⽥', '特斯拉'], [randint(1, 20) for _ in range(7)])]) .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="豪车漏⽃图")) ) return c funnel_base().render('C:/jupyter_notebook/venv_env/myhtml/car_fnnel.html') -
pyecharts日历图
import datetime import random from pyecharts import options as opts from pyecharts.charts import Calendar def calendar_interval_1() -> Calendar: begin = datetime.date(2019, 1, 1) end = datetime.date(2019, 12, 27) data = [ [str(begin + datetime.timedelta(days=i)), random.randint(1000, 25000)] for i in range(0, (end - begin).days + 1, 2) # 隔天统计 ] calendar = ( Calendar(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(width="1200px")).add( "", data, calendar_opts=opts.CalendarOpts(range_="2019")) .set_global_opts( title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Calendar-2019年步数统计"), visualmap_opts=opts.VisualMapOpts( max_=25000, min_=1000, orient="horizontal", is_piecewise=True, pos_top="230px", pos_left="100px", ), ) ) return calendar calendar_interval_1().render("C:/jupyter_notebook/venv_env/myhtml/calendar.html") -
pyecharts绘制graph图
import json import os from pyecharts import options as opts from pyecharts.charts import Graph, Page def graph_base() -> Graph: nodes = [ {"name": "cus1", "symbolSize": 10}, {"name": "cus2", "symbolSize": 30}, {"name": "cus3", "symbolSize": 20} ] links = [] for i in nodes: if i.get('name') == 'cus1': continue for j in nodes: if j.get('name') == 'cus1': continue links.append({"source": i.get("name"), "target": j.get("name")}) c = ( Graph() .add("", nodes, links, repulsion=8000) .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="customer-influence")) ) return c
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