Monads
翻译叫 “单子”
或者 “一个自函子上的幺半群”
好吧除了让人费解没有什么用
同样举一个书上的例子
data Expr = Val Int | Div Expr Expr
eval :: Expr -> Maybe Int
eval (Val n) = Pure n
eval (Div x y) = pure safediv <*> eval x <*> eval y
可以看出这个类型是错的 它得到了一个Maybe (Maybe Int)
safediv :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
(>==) :: Maybe a -> (a -> Maybe b) -> Maybe b
mx >>= f = case mx of
Nothing -> Nothing
Just x -> f x
eval (Val n) = Just n
eval (Div x y) = eval x >> = \n ->
eval y >> = \m ->
safediv n m
等价的好看写法(语法糖):
m1 >>= \x1 ->
m2 >>= \x2 ->
...
mn >>= \xn ->
f x1 x2 .. xn
Equals
do
x1 <- m1
x2 <- m2
...
xn <- mn
f x1 x2 .. xn
栗子:
eval (Div x y) = do
n <- eval x
m <- eval y
safediv n m
instance Monad Maybe where
(>>=) :: Maybe a -> (a -> Maybe b) -> Maybe b
Nothing >>= _ =Nothing
(Just x) >>= f = f x
instance Monad [] where
(>>=) :: [a] -> (a -> [b] ) -> [b]
xs >>= f = [y | x <- xs , y <- f x ]
来点应用(有些懵了
pairs :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a,b)]
pairs xs ys = do
x <- xs
y <- ys
return (x,y)
return (x,y) = pure (x,y) = [(x,y)]