链表介绍（二）之在单向链表中插入节点

本系列文章主要介绍链表（linked list）的相关知识。

本文是系列文章的第二篇，将介绍在单向链表中插入节点的方法，并给出代码示例。

1 概述

在单向链表中插入节点，是要将待插入节点插入到链表的“合适”位置中。所以，这里需要一个前提条件：单向链表中的各节点是按其某个成员（如学生的成绩）的值有序排列（如由小到大）的。只有具备了这个前提条件，才能进行针对单向链表的节点插入操作。

为了将待插入节点插入到链表的“合适”位置中，需要进行两个步骤：

1. 找到链表中合适的位置；
2. 将节点插入到步骤1找到的位置中。

下面通过伪代码的形式介绍实现上述两个步骤的算法。

算法：InsertLinkedlist(list,new)
目的：在单向有序链表中插入节点
前提：链表和要插入的节点数据
后续：无
返回：新链表
{
    if (list == null)           // insert into empty list
    {
        list <- new
        (*new).link <- null
    }
    else
    {
        while (((*new).data > (*cur).data) && ((*cur).link != null))    // find location where the new node insert into
        {
            pre <- cur
            cur <- (*cur).link
        }
        
        if ((*new).data <= (*cur).data)
        {
            if (list == cur)                // insertion at the beginning
            {
                list <- new
                (*new).link <- cur
            }
            else                            // insertion in the middle
            {
                (*pre).link <- new
                (*new).link <- cur
            }
        }
        
        if ((*cur).link == null)            // insertion at the end
        {
            (*cur).link <- new
            (*new).link <- null
        }
    }
    
    return list
}

2 代码示例

根据上述内容，可以编写向单向链表中插入节点的代码示例。

代码示例内容如下：

#include <stdio.h>

#define STRUCT_LEN sizeof(struct student)

struct student
{
    int stu_num;                /* student number */
    float stu_score;            /* student score */
    struct student* next;
};

int main()
{
    /* declaration of func */
    struct student * insert(struct student * head, struct student * new_node);
    void print(struct student * list);

    /* create a static linked list, which sorted by student score from small to large */
    struct student * list;
    struct student stu_1, stu_2, stu_3;
    stu_1.stu_num = 1;
    stu_1.stu_score = 88;
    stu_2.stu_num = 2;
    stu_2.stu_score = 66;
    stu_3.stu_num = 3;
    stu_3.stu_score = 100;
    list = &stu_2;
    stu_2.next = &stu_1;
    stu_1.next = &stu_3;
    stu_3.next = NULL;

    /* print linked list before insertion */
    printf("before insertion, content of linked list as followed(sorted by student score from small to large):\n");
    print(list);

    /* create new node that wants to insert into linked list */
    struct student stu_new;
    stu_new.stu_num = 5;
    stu_new.stu_score = 83;
    
    /* insert new node into linked list */
    list = insert(list, &stu_new);

    /* print linked list after insertion */
    printf("after insertion, content of linked list as followed(sorted by student score from small to large):\n");
    print(list);

    return 0;
}

/*
** this is the insert linked list function.
*/
struct student * insert(struct student * head, struct student * new_node)
{
    struct student * cur;
    struct student * pre;
    struct student * new;

    cur = head;                 /* let cur point first node */
    new = new_node;             /* let new point the node that wants to insert into linked list */

    if (NULL == head)           /* insert into empty list */
    {
        head = new;
        (*new).next = NULL;
    }

    while (((*new).stu_score > (*cur).stu_score) && ((*cur).next != NULL))  /* find location where the new node insert into */
    {
        pre = cur;
        cur = (*cur).next;
    }

    if ((*new).stu_score <= (*cur).stu_score)
    {
            if (head == cur)        /* insertion at the beginning */
            {
                head = new;
                (*new).next = cur;
            }
            else                    /* insertion in the middle */
            {
                (*pre).next = new;
                (*new).next = cur;
            }
    }

    if ((*cur).next == NULL)        /* insertion at the end */
    {
        (*cur).next = new;
        (*new).next = NULL;
    }

    return head;
}

/*
*  this is the print linked list content function.
*/
void print(struct student * list)
{
    struct student *walker;
    walker = list;

    printf("The linked list contents(student number and score) as followed:\n");
    printf("[student number] [student score]\n");

    while (walker != NULL)
    {
        printf("%d                %-f\n", (*walker).stu_num, (*walker).stu_score);
        walker = (*walker).next;
    }
    
    return;
}

上述代码的编译及运行结果如下：

为了验证在链表头、链表尾插入的情况，可以修改结构体成员“stu_new.stu_score”的值，使节点满足在链表头、链表尾插入的条件。代码修改后的编译及运行情况如下：

说明：

• 为了简化代码内容，上述代码示例使用的是静态链表，即链表的所有节点都是在程序中定义的，节点的存储空间不是临时开辟的；
• 上述代码示例中，链表是按照学生的分数由小到大排序的。