ArrayList源码原理分析
1.ArrayList概述：
ArrayList是List接口的可变数组的实现。实现了所有可选列表操作，它允许包括null在内的所有元素。除了实现List接口外，此类还提供一些方法来操作内部用来存储列表的数组的大小。
每个ArrayList实例都有一个容量，该容量是指用来存储列表元素的数组的大小。它总是至少等于列表的大小。随着向ArrayList中不断添加元素，其容量也自动增长。自动增长会带来数据向新数组的重新拷贝，因此，如果可预知数据量的多少，可在构造ArrayList时指定其容量。在添加大量元素前，应用程序也可以使用ensureCapacity操作来增加ArrayList实例的容量，这可以减少递增式再分配的数量。注意：此实现不是同步的，如果多个线程同时访问一个ArrayList实例，而其中至少一个线程从结构上修改了列表，那么它必须保持外部同步。
ArrayList默认初始长度DEFAULT_CAPACITY为10，private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
2.ArrayList的实现
对于ArrayList而言，它实现List接口、底层使用数组保存所有元素。其操作基本上是对数组的操作。下面分析一下源码：
1）底层使用数组实现：
transient Object[] elementData;
2）构造方法
ArrayList提供了三种方式的构造器，可以构造一个默认初始容量为10的空列表、构造一个指定初始容量的空列表以及构造一个包含指定collection的元素的列表，这些元素按照该collection的迭代器返回它们的顺序排列。
/**
* Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
*/
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
/**
* Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
* is negative
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
/**
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection’s
* iterator.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
// replace with empty array.
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
3）存储：
ArrayList提供了set(int index, E element)、add(E e)、add(int index, E element）、addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)等这些添加元素的方法
3.1）用指定的元素替代此列表中指定位置上的元素，并返回以前位于该位置上的元素
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
* the specified element.
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
rangeCheck(index);
E oldValue = elementData(index);
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
3.2）将指定的元素添加到此列表的尾部
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return true (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
/
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
3.3）将指定的元素插入此列表中的指定位置。如果当前位置有元素，则向右移动当前位于该位置的元素以及所有后续元素（将其索引加一）
/*
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
* list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
* any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}
3.4）按照指定collection的迭代器所返回的元素顺序，将该collection中的所有元素添加到此列表的尾部
/**
* Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
* this list, in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection’s Iterator. The behavior of this operation is
* undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
* is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is
* undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
* list is nonempty.)
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return true if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
3.5）从指定的位置开始，将指定collection中的所有元素插入到此列表中
/**
* Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
* list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element
* currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
* the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear
* in the list in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection’s iterator.
*
* @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
* specified collection
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return true if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
int numMoved = size - index;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
numMoved);
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
4）读取：
返回此列表中指定位置上的元素
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
return elementData(index);
}
5）删除：
5.1）移除此列表中指定位置上的元素
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
* indices).
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element that was removed from the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
modCount++;
E oldValue = elementData(index);
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
return oldValue;
}
5.2）移除此列表中首次出现的指定元素（如果存在）。这是因为ArrayList中允许存放重复的元素
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
* if it is present. If the list does not contain the element, it is
* unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
* i such that
* (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))
* (if such an element exists). Returns true if this list
* contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
* changed as a result of the call).
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return true if this list contained the specified element
/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
注意：从数组中移除元素的操作，也会导致被移除的元素以后的所有元素向左移动一个位置。
6）调整数组容量
从上面存储元素的代码中，我们可以看到，每当向数组中添加元素时，都要去检查添加后元素的个数是否会超出当前数组的长度，如果超出，数组将会进行扩容，以满足添加数据的需求。数组扩容通过一个公开的方法ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)来实现。在实际添加大量元素前，我们也可以使用ensureCapacity来手动增加ArrayList实例的容量，以减少递增式再分配的数量。
/*
* Increases the capacity of this ArrayList instance, if
* necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
* specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
// any size if not default element table
? 0
// larger than default for default empty table. It’s already
// supposed to be at default size.
: DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
}
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}
/**
* Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
* number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
从上述代码中可以看出，数组进行扩容时，会将老数组中的元素重新拷贝一份到新的数组中，每次数组容量的增长大约是其原容量的1.5倍（实际上，新容量 = 老容量 + （老容量 >> 1），比如老容量为11，则新容量为 11 + （11 << 1） = 16）。这种操作的代价很高的，因此在实际使用时，我们应该尽量避免数组容量的扩张。当我们可预知要保存的元素的多少时，要在构造ArrayList实例时，就指定其容量，以避免数组扩容的产生。或者根据实际需求，通过调用ensureCapacity方法来手动增加ArrayList实例的容量。ArrayList还给我们提供了将底层数组的容量调整为当前列表保存的实际元素的大小的功能。它可以通过trimToSize来实现。
/**
* Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the
* list’s current size. An application can use this operation to minimize
* the storage of an ArrayList instance.
*/
public void trimToSize() {
modCount++;
if (size < elementData.length) {
elementData = (size == 0)
? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
: Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
}
7）Fail-Fast机制：
ArrayList也采用了快速失败的机制，通过记录modCount参数来实现。在面对并发修改时，迭代器很快就会完全失败，而不是冒着在将来某个不确定时间发生任意不确定行为的风险。
8）其他一些函数也比较简单，这里不再分析。读者可多看一些api与源码。
参考：https://www.iteye.com/blog/zhangshixi-674856
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