019:编程填空：统计动物数量

题目：

总时间限制: 

1000ms 内存限制: 65536kB

描述

代码填空，使得程序能够自动统计当前各种动物的数量

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// 在此处补充你的代码

void print() {
	cout << Animal::number << " animals in the zoo, " << Dog::number << " of them are dogs, " << Cat::number << " of them are cats" << endl;
}

int main() {
	print();
	Dog d1, d2;
	Cat c1;
	print();
	Dog* d3 = new Dog();
	Animal* c2 = new Cat;
	Cat* c3 = new Cat;
	print();
	delete c3;
	delete c2;
	delete d3;
	print();

}

输入无输出0 animals in the zoo, 0 of them are dogs, 0 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats
6 animals in the zoo, 3 of them are dogs, 3 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats样例输入

None

样例输出

0 animals in the zoo, 0 of them are dogs, 0 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats
6 animals in the zoo, 3 of them are dogs, 3 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats

答案：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal
{
	public:
		static int number;
		Animal(){
			number++;
		}
		virtual ~Animal()//如果不加virtual,删除c2的时候就不能调用Cat的析构函数了 
		{
			number--;
		}
};
class Dog:public Animal
{
	public:
		static int number;
		Dog()
		{
			number++;
		}
		~Dog()
		{
			number--;
		}
};
class Cat:public Animal
{
	public:
		static int number;
		Cat()
		{
			number++;
		}
		~Cat()
		{
			number--;
		}
};
int Animal::number=0,Dog::number=0,Cat::number=0; //静态成员变量只能在类外初始化，不能在类里面！！！ 
void print() {
	cout << Animal::number << " animals in the zoo, " << Dog::number << " of them are dogs, " << Cat::number << " of them are cats" << endl;
}

int main() {
	print();
	Dog d1, d2;
	Cat c1;
	print();
	Dog* d3 = new Dog();
	Animal* c2 = new Cat;
	Cat* c3 = new Cat;
	print();
	delete c3;
	delete c2;
	delete d3;
	print();
}

思考：

1.为什么父类的析构函数不定义成虚函数，删除c2的时候就不会调用~Cat()了？而为什么即使把父类的析构函数定义成虚函数，调用子类的析构函数后仍然会调用负类的虚函数？

    首先看下虚函数的作用

 析构函数执行时先调用派生类的析构函数，其次才调用基类的析构函数。如果析构函数不是虚函数，而程序执行时又要通过基类的指针去销毁派生类的动态对象，那么用delete销毁对象时，只调用了基类的析构函数，未调用派生类的析构函数。这样会造成销毁对象不完全。

2.为什么静态成员变量在类中初始化会出错？

    看上面的代码可知，静态成员变量在类中的只是一个声明，定义和初始化要在类外进行的，至于为什么我的理解是，为了防止每生成一个新对象，静态成员变量的重复定义和初始化吧。