perl学习笔记(一)

#!/usr/bin/perl

use 5.010;

$line[19] = "hello";
#say  $#line;

#标量变量的引用
$a += 2;
$ra = \$a;
$$ra += 2;
#say $$ra;
#say ${$ra};


#数组引用
@array = qw ( one two three four five );
$len =  @array;
#say $len;#数组大小
$rarray = \@array;
#say $rarray;
$len = @$rarray;
#say $len;#引用数组大小

push(@array,'a',1,2);
say "@array";
push(@$rarray,'a',1,2);#通过引用赋值
say "@array";

#say $array[2];
#say $$rarray[2];
#say ${$rarray}[2];
#say $rarray -> [2];#箭头记号

@s1 = @array[1,2,3,4];
#say "@s1";
@s2 = @$rarray[1,2,3,4];#通过引用获取值
#say "@s2";

#对散列表的引用
%hash = (
	giggs => 39,
	beckham => 38,
);
$rhash = \%hash;#值为指向散列表的引用
#say $hash{"giggs"};
#say $$rhash{"giggs"};
#say $rhash -> {"giggs"};#箭头记号
@rhash = @$rhash{"giggs","beckham"};#通过引用获取值
say "@rhash";


#创建匿名数组,使用方括号替代圆括号
$ra = [];#创建一个空的匿名数组，并返回对它的引用
$ra = ["hello",12];

#创建匿名散列表,使用大括号替代圆括号
$rh = {};
$rh = {"k1","v1","k2","v2"};

#常数是静态分配和匿名的
$r = \10;
$rs = \"hello";
#say $rs;

#多重引用的间接访问 p37
$a = 10;
$ra = \$a;
$rra = \$ra;
$rrra = \$rra;
#say $a;
#say $$ra;
#say $$$rra;
#say $$$$rrra;

$a =20;
sub text{
	return \$a;
}
$b = ${text()};#大括号中返回变量的引用
#say $b;

#特洛伊木马
say "${foo()}";
sub foo{
#	say "hello";
	#system('/bin/rm *');
}

#嵌套数据结构
%sue = (
	name => 'giggs',
	age => 45,
);
%john = (
	name => 'john',
	age => 21,
);
%lina = (
	name => "lina",
	age => 19,
);
@children = (\%john,\%lina);
$sue{'children'} = \@children;
$sue{'children'} = [\%john,\%lina];
#say $sue{'children'}->[1]->{name};
#say $sue{'children'}[1]{name};#省去两个下标间的箭头
#隐含的创建复杂的数据结构
$sue{'children'}->[1]->{age} = 10;
#say $sue{'children'}[1]{age};

#引用的查询
$a = 10;
$b = \$a;
#say ref($a);
#say ref($b);

#符号引用
#use strict 'refs'; #不允许符号引用
$x = 10;
$var = "x";
$$var = 20;
#say $x;
#say $$var;
$var = "x";
@$var  = (1,2,3,4);#@符号指示变量的存取类型$$var=$x,@$var=@x
#say "@x";

#二维数组
@matrix = (
	(1,2,3),
	(4,5,6),
	(7,8,9)
);
$matrix[1][2]=100;
#say "@matrix";

#颁奖demo
open(F,'oscar.txt') || die 'Could not open database.$!';
%category_index=();
%year_index=();
while($line = <F>){
	chomp $line;
	#say $line;
	($year,$category,$name) = split(/:/,$line);
	create_entry($year,$category,$name) if $name;
}
sub create_entry{
	my($year,$category,$name) = @_;
	$rlEntry = [$year,$category,$name];#匿名数组
	#say $year,$year_index{$year};
	push(@{$year_index{$year}},$rlEntry);
	push(@{$category_index{$category}},$rlEntry);
}

#&print_year('1995');
#打印出给定年份的所有条目
sub print_year{
	my($year) = @_;
	foreach $rlEntry(@{$year_index{$year}}){
		say "$rlEntry->[1]:$rlEntry->[2]";
	}
}
#say "------------------";
#&print_sort_year();
#打印出所有年度排序的条目
sub print_sort_year{
	foreach $year(sort keys %year_index){
		print_year($year);
	}
}
#say "------------------";
#根据年度与类别打印特定的条目
sub print_year_category{
	my($year,$category) = @_;
	foreach $rlEntry(@{$year_index{$year}}){
		if ($rlEntry ->[1] eq $category) {
			say "$category ($year) $rlEntry->[2]";
			return;
		}
	}
	say "No entry for $category($year).";
}
#&print_year_category('1995','Picture');
#say "------------------";
#格式化打印工具
@sample = (11.233,{3=>4,"hello"=>[6,7]});
require 'dumpvar.pl';
dumpValue(\@sample);
say ref($year_index{$year});
dumpValue($year_index{$year});
say "-----------------三维数组---------------";
$line = ['solod','black',['1','2','3',['4','5','6']]];
say "$$line[0]";
say "$line->[1]";
say "$line->[2][2]";
say "$line->[2][3][0]";
say "----------------标量引用demo-------------------------";
$var = 10;
$rvar = \$var;
say $$rvar;
say "----------------数组引用demo-------------------------";
@array = qw(one two three four five);
$rarray = \@array;
say "$$rarray[0]";#输出第一个元素
say "${$rarray}[0]";
say "$rarray->[0]";
$len = scalar(@$rarray);
say "数组大小：$len";
say "@$rarray";	#打印数组所有元素
say "@$rarray[1]";
say "@{$rarray}[1]";
#say "@$rarray->[1]";#不推荐
#遍历数组
foreach (@$rarray) {
	say "foreach遍历数组：$_";
}
while(($i,$value)=each(@$rarray)){
	say "while-each遍历数组：$i:$value";
}
say "----------------散列表引用demo-------------------------";
%hash = (
	'01'	=>	"one",
	'02'	=>	"two",
	'03'	=>	"three",
	'04'	=>	"four",
);
$rhash = \%hash;
say "$$rhash{'03'}";#输出'03'的值
say "${$rhash}{'03'}";
say "$rhash->{'03'}";
#say %$rhash->{'01'};#不推荐
say %$rhash;#打印散列表所有元素
#遍历散列表
foreach (sort keys %$rhash) {
	say "foreach遍历散列表：$_ : ${$rhash}{$_}";
}
while(($k,$v)=each(%$rhash)){
	say "while-each遍历散列表：$k:$v";
}
say "----------------子程序引用demo-------------------------";
sub method{
	my($v) = @_;
	say "i am $v...";
}
$rm = \&method; #对有名子程序的引用
$rn = sub{		#对匿名子程序的引用
	my($v) = @_;
	say "i am $v method...";
};
#两种调用子程序方式
&$rm("method");
&$rn("noname");
$rm->("method");
$rn->("noname");

say "----------------子程序传递多个数组（需要利用引用）-------------------------";
@array1 = qw(one two three four);
@array2 = qw(100 200 300 400);
&print_array(\@array1,\@array2);
sub print_array{
	my($a1,$a2) = @_;
	$i = 0;
	foreach (@$a1) {
		say "遍历：$i:$$a1[$i] \t $i:@$a2[$i]";
		$i++;
	}
}
say "----------------文件句柄引用（将一条信息发送到多个文件）--------------------------------------------";
use utf8;
#文件句柄引用的语法为\*FILEHANDLE
&print_Msg(\*STDOUT);
&print_Msg(\*LPHANDLE);
&print_Msg(\*LOGHANDLE);
$app = open(F,">>log.txt");
&print_Msg(\*F);
sub print_Msg{
	my $taregt_file = shift;
	#say $taregt_file;
	#say $$taregt_file;
	say $taregt_file "the msg have send $$taregt_file ....";
}
say '----------------------闭包demo-----------------------------------';
sub errorMsg{
	my $lvl = shift;
	say $lvl;
	return sub{
		my $msg = shift;#实际上内部保存了$lvl变量：my($lvl) = $lvl;
		say "$lvl:$msg";
	}
}
$severe = errorMsg("AAA");
$fatal = errorMsg("BBB");
$annoy = errorMsg("CCC");
&$severe("aaaaaa");
&$fatal("bbbbbb");
&$annoy("cccccc");

say "----------------闭包迭代子偶数流demo---------------------------------------------";
sub print_even_number{
	my($input) = @_;
	if($input % 2){
		$input++;
	}
	my $rs = sub{
		say "$input";
		$input += 2;
	};
	return $rs;
}
$iterator = print_even_number(27);#迭代器
for($i=0;$i<5;$i++){
	&$iterator();
}
say "-------print_even_odd_number-------";
sub print_even_odd_number{
	my($rs1,$rs2);
	my ($input) = shift;
	$rs1 = sub{
		if($input%2){
			$input+=2;
		}else{
			$input++;
		}
		say $input;
	};
	return ($rs1,$rs2);
}
($even_number,$odd_number) = print_even_odd_number(10);
&$even_number();
#&$odd_number();