19. 软件包安装和卸载

7.1 安装软件包的三种方法

rpm工具 Redhat package manager

yum工具 自动解决依赖问题，Redhat中收费

源码包

7.2 rpm包介绍

# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/

mount: /dev/sr0 写保护，将以只读方式挂载

# cd /mnt/Packages/

# ls | wc

3895

abrt-2.1.11- 48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm

包名-版本号-发布版本号.平台.rpm

7.3 rpm工具用法

rpm is a powerful Package Manager, which can be used to build, install, query, verify, update, and erase individual software packages.

rpm -ivh rpm包文件 //安装

# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

准备中... ################################# [100%]

正在升级/安装...

1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]

--force

Same as using --replacepkgs, --replacefiles, and --oldpackage.

--replacefiles

Install the packages even if they replace files from other,

already installed, packages.

--replacepkgs

Install the packages even if some of them are already installed on this system.

--oldpackage

Allow an upgrade to replace a newer package with an older one.

--nodeps

Don't do a dependency check before installing or upgrading a package.

--prefix NEWPATH

For relocatable binary packages, translate all file paths that start with the installation prefix in the package relocation hint(s) to NEWPATH.

rpm -Uvh rpm包文件 //升级

# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

rpm -e 包名 //卸载

# rpm -e zsh

# echo $?

0

# rpm -evh zsh

准备中... ################################# [100%]

正在清理/删除...

1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]

rpm -q 包名 //查询指定包是否安装

# rpm -q ppp

未安装软件包 ppp

# echo $?

1

# rpm -q vim-enhanced

vim-enhanced-7.4.160-2.el7.x86_64

# echo $?

0

rpm -qa //查询安装的包

rpm -qi 包名 //查询指定包信息

rpm -ql 包名 //列出包安装的文件

rpm -qf 文件绝对路径 //查看一个文件是由哪个包安装的

-a, --all

Query all installed packages.

# rpm -qa

open-vm-tools-10.1.5-3.el7.x86_64

grub2-common-2.02-0.64.el7.centos.noarch

kexec-tools-2.0.14-17.el7.x86_64

setup-2.8.71-7.el7.noarch

NetworkManager-tui-1.8.0-9.el7.x86_64

……

-f, --file FILE

Query package owning FILE.

# rpm -qf /usr/bin/vim

vim-enhanced-7.4.160-2.el7.x86_64

# rpm -qf `which vim`

vim-enhanced-7.4.160-2.el7.x86_64

-i, --info

Display package information, including name, version, and description.

This uses the --queryformat if one was specified.

# rpm -qi vim-enhanced

Name : vim-enhanced

Epoch : 2

Version : 7.4.160

Release : 2.el7

Architecture: x86_64

Install Date: 2017年12月21日 星期四 00时19分00秒

……

-l, --list

List files in package.

# rpm -ql vim-enhanced

/etc/profile.d/vim.csh

/etc/profile.d/vim.sh

/usr/bin/rvim

/usr/bin/vim

/usr/bin/vimdiff

/usr/bin/vimtutor

-L, --licensefiles

List only license files (implies -l).

# rpm -qL vim-enhanced

7.4 yum工具用法

yum - Yellowdog Updater Modified

SYNOPSIS

yum [options] [command] [package ...]

command is one of:

* install package1 [package2] [...]

* update [package1] [package2] [...]

* update-to [package1] [package2] [...]

* check-update

* upgrade [package1] [package2] [...]

* upgrade-to [package1] [package2] [...]

* remove | erase package1 [package2] [...]

* autoremove [package1] [...]

* list [...]

* info [...]

* provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2] [...]

* clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]

clean Is used to clean up various things

which accumulate in the yum cache directory over time.

* makecache [fast]

makecache Is used to download and

make usable all the metadata for the currently enabled yum repos.

If the argument "fast" is passed,

then we just try to make sure the repos. are current

(much like "yum clean expire-cache").

* groups [...]

* search string1 [string2] [...]

* resolvedep dep1 [dep2] [...]

(maintained for legacy reasons only - use repoquery or yum provides)

* reinstall package1 [package2] [...]

* downgrade package1 [package2] [...]

* load-transaction [txfile]

* check

* help [command]

yum list //列出可用rpm包

# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

yum search vim //搜索包

This is used to find packages when you know something about the package

but aren't sure of it's name.

# yum search vim

# yum list | grep vim

vim-common.x86_64 2:7.4.160-2.el7 @base

vim-enhanced.x86_64 2:7.4.160-2.el7 @base

vim-filesystem.x86_64 2:7.4.160-2.el7 @base

vim-minimal.x86_64 2:7.4.160-2.el7 @anaconda

protobuf-vim.x86_64 2.5.0-8.el7 base

vim-X11.x86_64 2:7.4.160-2.el7 base

yum install [-y]

yum grouplist

# yum grouplist > 1

# yum groups list > 2

# diff 1 2

#

yum groupinstall [-y]

# yum groupinstall 'GNOME Desktop'

yum remove [-y]

yum update [-y]

If run without any packages, update will update every currently installed package.

yum provides "/*/vim"

Is used to find out which package provides some feature or file.

# yum provides "/*/bin/vim"

# yum provides vim > 3

# yum whatprovides vim > 4

# diff 3 4

#

# ls [1-4]

1 2 3 4

# rm -f [1-4]

7.5 yum搭建本地仓库

# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/

# cp -a /etc/yum.repos.d /etc/yum.repos.d.bak

# cd /etc/yum.repos.d

# rm -f *

# vim dvd.repo

[dvd]

name=install dvd

baseurl=file:///mnt

enable=1

gpgcheck=0

:x!

# yum clean all

已加载插件：fastestmirror

正在清理软件源： dvd

Cleaning up everything

Maybe you want: rm -rf /var/cache/yum, to also free up space taken by orphaned data from disabled or removed repos

Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors

# yum makecache

已加载插件：fastestmirror

dvd | 3.6 kB 00:00:00

(1/2): dvd/other_db | 1.2 MB 00:00:00

(2/2): dvd/filelists_db | 3.1 MB 00:00:00

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

元数据缓存已建立

# yum list | less

7.6 yum更换国内源

# rm -f dvd.repo

# cp -a ../yum.repos.d.bak/* .

# rm -f CentOS-Base.repo

# curl -O http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo

% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current

Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed

100 1572 100 1572 0 0 7531 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 7557

# yum repolist all

# mv CentOS7-Base-163.repo CentOS7-Base-163.repo.bak

# yum clean all

已加载插件：fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

There are no enabled repos.

Run "yum repolist all" to see the repos you have.

To enable Red Hat Subscription Management repositories:

subscription-manager repos --enable <repo>

To enable custom repositories:

yum-config-manager --enable <repo>

# mv CentOS7-Base-163.repo.bak CentOS7-Base-163.repo

# yum repolist all

7.7 安装扩展源epel

# yum install -y epel-release

# ll epel*

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 957 12月 28 2016 epel.repo

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1056 12月 28 2016 epel-testing.repo

# yum list | grep epel

7.8 yum下载rpm包

# yum install zsh --downloadonly

……

exiting because "Download Only" specified

# ls /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/

zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

# yum install zsh --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp/

# ls /tmp/zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

/tmp/zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

# yum install vim-enhanced --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp/

已加载插件：fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* epel: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

软件包 2:vim-enhanced-7.4.160-2.el7.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本

无须任何处理

# yum reinstall vim-enhanced --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp/

# ls /tmp/vim-enhanced-7.4.160-2.el7.x86_64.rpm

/tmp/vim-enhanced-7.4.160-2.el7.x86_64.rpm

7.9 源码包安装

#cd /usr/local/src/

# wget http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz

# ls

httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz

# tar -zxf httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz

# ls

httpd-2.2.34 httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz

# cd httpd-2.2.34/

# less README

# less INSTAL

For complete installation documentation, see [ht]docs/manual/install.html or

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/install.html

$ ./configure --prefix=PREFIX

$ make

$ make install

$ PREFIX/bin/apachectl start

# ./configure -help

Installation directories:

--prefix=PREFIX install architecture-independent files in PREFIX

[/usr/local/apache2]

# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2;echo $?

……

1

# yum -y install gcc

# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2;echo $?

0

# make

# make install

# ls /usr/local/apache2/

bin build cgi-bin conf error htdocs icons include lib logs man manual modules

# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start