Linux file 结构体和 inode 结构体

在设备驱动程序中，一般需要关心两个结构体：file 和 inode。

1. file 结构体

file 结构体代表一个打开的文件，系统中每个打开的文件在内核空间都有一个关联的 struct file。

它由内核在打开文件时创建，并传递给在文件上进行操作的任何函数。在文件的所有实例都关闭后，内核释放这个数据结构。

注：在内核和驱动源代码中，struct file 的指针通常被命名为 file 或 filp（即 file pointer）。

struct file {
	union {
		struct llist_node	fu_llist;
		struct rcu_head 	fu_rcuhead;
	} f_u;
	struct path		f_path;
	struct inode		*f_inode;	/* cached value */
	const struct file_operations	*f_op;		/* 和文件关联的操作 */

	/*
	 * Protects f_ep_links, f_flags.
	 * Must not be taken from IRQ context.
	 */
	spinlock_t		f_lock;
	enum rw_hint		f_write_hint;
	atomic_long_t		f_count;
	unsigned int 		f_flags;	        /* 文件标志，如O_RDONLY、O_NONBLOCK、O_SYNC */
	fmode_t			f_mode;			/* 文件读/写模式，FMODE_READ、FMODE_WRITE */
	struct mutex		f_pos_lock;
	loff_t			f_pos;			/* 当前读写位置 */
	struct fown_struct	f_owner;
	const struct cred	*f_cred;
	struct file_ra_state	f_ra;

	u64			f_version;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
	void			*f_security;
#endif
	/* needed for tty driver, and maybe others */
	void			*private_data;		/* 文件私有数据 */

#ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL
	/* Used by fs/eventpoll.c to link all the hooks to this file */
	struct list_head	f_ep_links;
	struct list_head	f_tfile_llink;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL */
	struct address_space	*f_mapping;
	errseq_t		f_wb_err;
} __randomize_layout
  __attribute__((aligned(4)));	/* lest something weird decides that 2 is OK */

struct file_handle {
	__u32 handle_bytes;
	int handle_type;
	/* file identifier */
	unsigned char f_handle[0];
};

文件读/写模式 mode、标志 f_flags 都是设备驱动关心的内容，而私有数据指针 private_data 在设备驱动中被广泛应用，大多被指向设备驱动自定义以用于描述设备的结构体。

2. inode 结构体

VFS inode 包含文件访问权限、属主、组、大小、生成时间、访问时间、最后修改事件等信息。它是 Linux 管理文件系统的基本单位，也是文件系统连接任何子目录、文件的桥梁，inode 结构体的定义如下：

struct inode {
	umode_t			i_mode;							/* inode的权限 */
	unsigned short		i_opflags;					
	kuid_t			i_uid;							/* inode拥有者的id */
	kgid_t			i_gid;							/* inode所属的群组id */
	unsigned int		i_flags;

#ifdef CONFIG_FS_POSIX_ACL
	struct posix_acl	*i_acl;
	struct posix_acl	*i_default_acl;
#endif

	const struct inode_operations	*i_op;
	struct super_block	*i_sb;
	struct address_space	*i_mapping;

#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
	void			*i_security;
#endif

	/* Stat data, not accessed from path walking */
	unsigned long		i_ino;
	/*
	 * Filesystems may only read i_nlink directly.  They shall use the
	 * following functions for modification:
	 *
	 *    (set|clear|inc|drop)_nlink
	 *    inode_(inc|dec)_link_count
	 */
	union {
		const unsigned int i_nlink;
		unsigned int __i_nlink;
	};
	dev_t			i_rdev;							/* 若是设备文件，此字段将记录设备的设备号 */
	loff_t			i_size;							/* inode所代表的文件大小 */
	struct timespec		i_atime;					/* inode最近一次的存取时间 */
	struct timespec		i_mtime;					/* inode最近一次的修改时间 */
	struct timespec		i_ctime;					/* inode的产生时间 */
	spinlock_t		i_lock;	/* i_blocks, i_bytes, maybe i_size */
	unsigned short          i_bytes;
	unsigned int		i_blkbits;
	enum rw_hint		i_write_hint;
	blkcnt_t		i_blocks;						/* inode所使用的block数，一个block为512字节 */

#ifdef __NEED_I_SIZE_ORDERED
	seqcount_t		i_size_seqcount;
#endif

	/* Misc */
	unsigned long		i_state;
	struct rw_semaphore	i_rwsem;

	unsigned long		dirtied_when;	/* jiffies of first dirtying */
	unsigned long		dirtied_time_when;

	struct hlist_node	i_hash;
	struct list_head	i_io_list;	/* backing dev IO list */
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
	struct bdi_writeback	*i_wb;		/* the associated cgroup wb */

	/* foreign inode detection, see wbc_detach_inode() */
	int			i_wb_frn_winner;
	u16			i_wb_frn_avg_time;
	u16			i_wb_frn_history;
#endif
	struct list_head	i_lru;		/* inode LRU list */
	struct list_head	i_sb_list;
	struct list_head	i_wb_list;	/* backing dev writeback list */
	union {
		struct hlist_head	i_dentry;
		struct rcu_head		i_rcu;
	};
	u64			i_version;
	atomic_t		i_count;
	atomic_t		i_dio_count;
	atomic_t		i_writecount;
#ifdef CONFIG_IMA
	atomic_t		i_readcount; /* struct files open RO */
#endif
	const struct file_operations	*i_fop;	/* former ->i_op->default_file_ops */
	struct file_lock_context	*i_flctx;
	struct address_space	i_data;
	struct list_head	i_devices;
	union {
		struct pipe_inode_info	*i_pipe;
		struct block_device	*i_bdev;			/* 若是块设备，为其对应的block_device结构体指针 */
		struct cdev		*i_cdev;				/* 若是字符设备，为其对应的cdev结构体指针 */
		char			*i_link;
		unsigned		i_dir_seq;
	};

	__u32			i_generation;

#ifdef CONFIG_FSNOTIFY
	__u32			i_fsnotify_mask; /* all events this inode cares about */
	struct fsnotify_mark_connector __rcu	*i_fsnotify_marks;
#endif

#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_FS_ENCRYPTION)
	struct fscrypt_info	*i_crypt_info;
#endif

	void			*i_private; /* fs or device private pointer */
} __randomize_layout;